Tuesday, September 30, 2008

Ionic Liquids in the Chemical Synthesis of Pharmaeuticals

Ionic liquids provide an alternative to certain solvents in select reactions used to synthesize intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients.


Although their physical and chemical properties seem unusual, ionic liquids are simply molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, not far from room temperature. With this technology, a liquid is available that consists entirely of ions making it different from all other “conventional” liquids. Most people are familiar with liquids that are neutral such as water or solvents such as ethanol or toluene. This relatively new class of chemicals with unique properties offers some very exciting opportunities in synthesis and chemical processing.


The physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids can be expected to be very different from those of typical “neutral” liquids. When ionic liquids were first studied extensively and articles published in the late 1990s, this small, but important difference, triggered huge interest and excitement in the academic world. Within a short time of their discovery, ionic liquids received enormous attention by academic and industrial communities. Mainly chemists pioneered work with these new materials (1). Their hope was that the ionic nature of ionic liquids would drastically change speed and selectivity of a variety of chemical reactions. Extensive work has been carried out in the past few years, which is probably best summarized in a book (Ionic Liquids in Synthesis) by Wasserscheid and Welton for which a second extended edition has been published (2).


The key properties that set ionic liquids apart from other liquids include the following:
• Existing as molten salts, in many cases even below room temperature
• Highly polar
• Often immiscible with organic solvents
• Literally no vapor pressure
• Nonflammable
• Large liquidus range (typically > 300 °C grade)
• Electrically conducting
• Remarkable dissolution properties (e.g., wood, cellulose, polyamides)
• High thermostability.

Commercial applications of ionic liquids
The first commercial and large-scale application of ionic liquids was accomplished and reported by BASF in 2004 (3–9). The BASF “BASIL” process (i.e., BASIL is Biphasic Acid Scavenging utilizing Ionic Liquids) was introduced for the synthesis of alkoxyphenylphosphines, which are important raw materials for photoinitiators. HCl is formed during the synthesis of diethoxyphenylphosphine (see Figure 1).



Figure 1: The synthesis of diethoxyphenylphosphine. Figure courtesy of BASF SE.

Scavenging with conventional tertiary amines results in a thick, nonstirable slurry that leads to lower yields and capacities because of insufficient mixing and heat transfer. The idea of BASF researchers was to use an ionic liquid precursor as an acid scavenger. This concept turned out to be successful with 1-methylimidazole. After the reaction with HCl, an ionic liquid is formed: 1-methyl-imidazolium chloride (Hmim Cl), which is a liquid at reaction temperature. Therefore, during the reaction, two clear liquid phases occur (see Figure 2) that can easily be separated. The upper phase is the pure product (no solvent is needed anymore); the lower phase is the pure ionic liquid. Hmim Cl can be switched on and off through simple protonation and deprotonation. This property is crucial for recycling and purification of the ionic liquids.



Figure 2: The BASIL process. After the reaction, two clear liquid phases are obtained: the upper phase is the pure product, and the lower phase is the ionic liquid 1-methyl-imidazolium chloride (Hmim Cl). Figure courtesy of BASF SE.

The advantage of this process setup is even greater as 1-methylimidazole also acts as a nucleophilic catalyst with completion of the phosphorylation reaction in less than 1 s (10). Now, having eliminated the formation of solids and increased the reaction rate, new reactor concepts were possible. Instead of using a large vessel, the reaction could be carried out in a tiny jet reactor with the size of a human thumb (see Figure 3). Doing so, the process productivity could be increased by a factor of 8 x 104 to 690,000 kg m-3 h-1. At the end of 2004, BASF successfully started a dedicated BASIL plant using this jet-stream reactor technology.



Figure 3: The BASIL process is run in a small jet reactor that has a capacity of 690,000 kg m-3 h-1. Figure courtesy of BASF SE.

In addition, the new process offers advantages in eco-efficiency. Recently, it was shown that the BASIL technology is by far more sustainable than the process using tertiary amines (11).


Further investigations revealed that BASIL is not restricted to phosphorylation chemistry but is a general solution to all kinds of acid-scavenging needs (3–9). Acylations and silylations have been investigated successfully as well as an elimination reaction. BASIL is also applicable to extractive acid removal from organic phases such as for the purpose of purification.


Other applications of ionic liquids
Applying ionic liquids in chemical reactions is not limited to acid scavenging. A strong effect of ionic liquids can be expected for all reactions with dipolar transition states. Many reactions have been studied, including:
• Nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution/addition
• Acid catalysis, Friedel–Crafts–catalysis
• Nitration
• Halogenation
• Diels–Alder and “ene” eeactions
• Esterification
• Michael additions
• Mannich reactions
• Oxidation and epoxidation (2).


Nevertheless, in a number of cases, the advantages of running the reaction in an ionic liquid compared with a classical solvent were small, not meeting anticipated high expectations or justifying extra expense. There are examples, however, as in the BASIL process, where ionic liquids offer valuable advantages. In those cases, there is a combination of improved speed or selectivity and advantages in chemical processing. There are four classes of chemical reactions where advantages are evident:
• Nucleophilic substitutions
• Acid and Friedel–Crafts–catalysis
• High-temperature reactions (e.g., Rearrangement reactions, Diels–Alder, Heck couplings)
• Oxidation and epoxidation


Nucleophilic substitutions. For nucleophilic substitutions, BASF surprisingly found that chlorination of alcohols can be achieved with high yields ( > 98% just by using HCl gas if carried out in an ionic liquid (12). This reaction is typically done with phosgene, SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5 in order to achieve sufficient conversion and selectivity. Ionic liquids are by far the superior solvent for these reactions because ether byproducts, which typically are the dead-ends of the reaction in classic solvents, are further cleaved in the ionic environment. This condition is supported by a publication from researchers at Eli Lilly who describe the demethylation of the usually very difficult to cleave aromatic methoxy ethers by using HCl in an ionic liquid (13).


Acid catalysis. In the field of acid catalysis, the advantages of ionic liquids arise from the use of nonvolatile, liquid, and easy-to-separate catalysts. Moreover, very remarkable physicochemical properties can be achieved. One example is super acidity. With the system 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (EMIM) Al2Cl7 • HCl, H0-values on the Hammett acidity scale of approximately –15 can be achieved, which is comparable to the acidity of liquid HF (14–15). For comparison, 100% sulfuric acid has a H0 of –12.3, and 100% trifluoromethansulfonic acid has a H0 of –14.1.


The superacidity is caused by the following equilibrium (see Figure 4) (14-15):



Figure 4: Equilibrium of the 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (EMIM) Al2Cl7 • HCl. Figure courtesy of BASF SE

Al2Cl7 absorbs the chloride anion of HCl gas so efficiently that a “naked“ superacidic proton is left over.

High-temperature reactions. For high-temperature reactions, the advantage of ionic liquids as solvents is their high thermostability and nonvolatility. In many ionic liquids, reactions can be carried out in standard equipment at temperatures above 200 °C without the use of autoclaves.


Oxidation chemistry. A fourth very attractive field for ionic liquids is oxidation chemistry where suitable stable classical organic solvents are typically hard to find.


Ionic liquids in separation technologies.
Ionic liquids offer a huge potential in separation technology. They have, for example, the ability to break azeotropes and act as so-called entrainers (16-18). Many classical azeotropes such as ethanol/water or tetrohydrofuran/water can be broken by adding ionic liquids to the mixture as shown in Figure 5.



Figure 5: Equilibrium-phase diagram for the system of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water. The solid line shows the classic azeotropic mixture. The dots indicate how the azeotrope has been broken after addition of the ionic liquid. The amount of THF in the vapor phase is always larger than in the liquid phase. Units are in molfraction of THF. Figure courtesy of BASF SE.

The advantage of an ionic liquid over a classic entrainer is that ionic liquids have no vapor pressure. This property means that the entrainer itself does not need to be distilled. A second separation column is not needed, and energy can be saved. A benchmark calculation reveals a savings potential of roughly 37% for energy costs and 22% for investment in equipment. BASF has run an extractive distillation process in a pilot plant continuously for three months. Although the ionic liquid faced a severe thermal treatment of about 250 °C in the recycling step, its performance fully remained without any purge. This underlines the high thermal stability of ionic liquids, and that very high recycling rates are possible without a decrease in performance.


Ionic liquids also exhibit remarkable extraction properties in liquid-liquid extractions (19). One example is the removal of phenols from reaction mixtures. The classic way of doing this is an extraction with caustic, acidification, and re-extraction of the phenol with an organic solvent plus subsequent distillation. This process is a multistep procedure, which includes generation of a wastewater stream. If other components are sensitive to high pHs, even some product decomposition and loss of yield could occur. BASF has found that acidic ionic liquids such as EMIM HSO4 are very efficient extractants for phenols. More than 95% of the phenol has been removed from an organic solvent in one-step extraction and more than 99.8% in a two-step extraction. Other components sensitive under basic conditions are not affected by the acidic ionic liquid. Also, the recycling procedure for the ionic liquid is relatively easy. It is a one-step distillation of phenol from the ionic liquid. The nonvolatile ionic liquid is left at the bottom, whereas the phenol distills off and can be reused. This is just a one-step workup without generation of any wastewater stream.

Conclusion
The examples discussed in this article demonstrate that ionic liquids are no longer just laboratory curiosities, but have shown to bring commercial value in chemical synthesis and separation technology. They are available at large-scale quantities and can be handled successfully on an industrial scale in chemical processes.

References

1. M. Freemantle, “Designer Solvents: Ionic Liquids May Boost Clean Technology Development,” Chem. Eng. News 76 (13), 32–37 (1998).

2. P. Wasserscheid and T. Welton, Eds., Ionic Liquids in Synthesis, (Wiley-VCH, 2nd edition Weinheim, Germany, 2007).

3. BASF SE, “Method for the Separation of Acids from Chemical Reaction Mixtures by Means of Ionic Fluids," World Patent WO/2003/062171, Jul. 31, 2003.

4. BASF SE, “Method for the Separation of Acids from Chemical Reaction Mixtures by Means of Ionic Fluids,” World Patent WO/2003/062251, Jul. 31, 2003.

5. BASF SE, “Method for Isolating Acids from Chemical Reaction Mixtures by Using 1-Alkylimidazoles,” World Patent WO2005/061416, Jul. 7, 2005.

6. M. Maase, “Aus der Industrie Erstes technisches Verfahren mit ionischen Flüssigkeiten,” Chemie unserer Zeit, 38 (6) 434–435 (2004).

7. M. Freemantle, “BASF’s Smart Ionic Liquid,” Chem. Eng. News 81 (13), 9 (2003).

8. K.R. Sed­don, “Ionic liquids: A Taste of the Future,” Nature Mater. 2 (6) 363–365 (2003).

9. K.R. Seddon and R.D. Rogers, “Ionic Liquids: Solvents of the Future,” Science, 302 (5646) 792–793 (2003).

10. J. Chojnowski, M. Cypryk, and W. Fortuniak, “The Extension of the Mechanistic Concept of the Nucleophilic Catalysis in the Silicon Chemistry to Some Reactions of the P(III) center: Analogies between Silylation and Phosphorylation,” Heteroatom. Chem. 2 (1), 63–70, 1991.

11. M. Maase, “An Improved Way of Doing It,” presented at the 1st International Congress on Ionic Liquids, Salzburg, Austria, Jun. 20, 2005.

12. BASF SE, “Method for Producing Haloalkanes From Alcohols,” World Patent WO/2005/026089, Mar. 24, 2005.

13. C.R. Schmid et al., “Demethylation of 4-Methoxyphenylbutyric Acid Using Molten Pyridinium Hydrochloride on Multikilogram Scale,” Org. Proc. Res. Dev 8 (4), 670–673 (2004).

14. G.P. Smith et. al. “Broensted Superacidity of Hydrochloric Acid in a Liquid Chloroaluminate: Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium Chloride (55.O m/o AlCl3), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111 (2), 525–530 (1989).

15. G.P. Smith et al., “Quantitative Study of the Acidity of Hydrogen Chloride in a Molten Chloroaluminate System (Aluminum Chloride/1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride) as a function of HCl Pressure and Melt composition (51.0–66.4 mol% AlCl3), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111 (14), 5075–5077 (1989).

16. BASF SE, “Ionic Liquids as Selective Additives for the Separation of Close-Boiling or Azeotropic Mixtures,” World Patent WO/2002 02/074718, Sept. 26, 2002.

17. C. Jork et al., “Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Phase Behavior of Aqueous Azeotropic Systems,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (4), 852–857 (2004).

18. BASF SE, “Ionic Liquids as Selective Additives for the Separation of Close-Boiling or Azeotropic Mixtures,” World Patent WO/2005/016484, Sept. 26, 2002.

19. BASF SE, “Method for Extracting Impurities Using Ionic Liquids,” World Patent WO/2005/019137, Mar. 3, 2005.

Matthias Maase, PhD, is with new business development for intermediates at BASF in North America.

Global Warming Fix? Carbon Dioxide Captured Directly From Air With Simple Machine

ScienceDaily (Sep. 30, 2008) — University of Calgary climate change scientist David Keith and his team are working to efficiently capture the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide directly from the air, using near-commercial technology.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
Earth & Climate
Air Quality
Environmental Science
Air Pollution
Environmental Issues
Energy and the Environment
Global Warming
Reference
Fossil fuel
Automobile emissions control
Carbon dioxide sink
Liquid nitrogen economy
In research conducted at the U of C, Keith and a team of researchers showed it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) – the main greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming – using a relatively simple machine that can capture the trace amount of CO2 present in the air at any place on the planet.

"At first thought, capturing CO2 from the air where it's at a concentration of 0.04 per cent seems absurd, when we are just starting to do cost-effective capture at power plants where CO2 produced is at a concentration of more than 10 per cent," says Keith, Canada Research Chair in Energy and Environment.

"But the thermodynamics suggests that air capture might only be a bit harder than capturing CO2 from power plants. We are trying to turn that theory into engineering reality."

The research is significant because air capture technology is the only way to capture CO2 emissions from transportation sources such as vehicles and airplanes. These so-called diffuse sources represent more than half of the greenhouse gases emitted on Earth.

"The climate problem is too big to solve easily with the tools we have," notes Keith, director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy's (ISEEE) Energy and Environmental Systems Group and a professor of chemical and petroleum engineering.

"While it's important to get started doing things we know how to do, like wind power nuclear power and 'regular' carbon capture and storage, it's also vital to start thinking about radical new ideas and approaches to solving this problem."

Energy-efficient and cost-effective air capture could play a valuable role in complementing other approaches for reducing emissions from the transportation sector, such as biofuels or electric vehicles, says David Layzell, ISEEE's Executive Director.

"David Keith and his team have developed a number of innovative ways to achieve the efficient capture of atmospheric carbon. That is a major step in advancing air capture as a solution to a very pressing problem," Layzell says.

"David Keith's vision and originality are key factors in our ranking this year as the top engineering school in Canada for sustainability initiatives, both in terms of research and curriculum," says Elizabeth Cannon, Dean of the Schulich School of Engineering. "Leaders like this are not commonplace, and we are proud to get behind this kind of leadership at the Schulich School."

Air capture is different than the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology which is a key part of the Alberta and federal governments' strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. CCS involves installing equipment at, for example, a coal-fired power plant to capture carbon dioxide produced during burning of the coal, and then pipelining this CO2 for permanent storage underground in a geological reservoir.

Air capture, on the other hand, uses technology that can capture – no matter where the capture system is located – the CO2 that is present in ambient air everywhere.

"A company could, in principle, contract with an oilsands plant near Fort McMurray to remove CO2 from the air and could build its air capture plant wherever it's cheapest – China, for example – and the same amount of CO2 would be removed," Keith says.

Keith and his team showed they could capture CO2 directly from the air with less than 100 kilowatt-hours of electricity per tonne of carbon dioxide. Their custom-built tower was able to capture the equivalent of about 20 tonnes per year of CO2 on a single square metre of scrubbing material – the average amount of emissions that one person produces each year in the North American-wide economy.

"This means that if you used electricity from a coal-fired power plant, for every unit of electricity you used to operate the capture machine, you'd be capturing 10 times as much CO2 as the power plant emitted making that much electricity," Keith says.

The U of C team has devised a new way to apply a chemical process derived from the pulp and paper industry cut the energy cost of air capture in half, and has filed two provisional patents on their end-to-end air capture system.

The technology is still in its early stage, Keith stresses. "It now looks like we could capture CO2 from the air with an energy demand comparable to that needed for CO2 capture from conventional power plants, although costs will certainly be higher and there are many pitfalls along the path to commercialization."

Nevertheless, the relatively simple, reliable and scalable technology that Keith and his team developed opens the door to building a commercial-scale plant.

Richard Branson, head of Virgin Group, has offered a $25-million prize for anyone who can devise a system to remove the equivalent of one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide or more every year from the atmosphere for at least a decade.

Technical details of the air capture technology are available at: http://www.ucalgary.ca/~keith/AirCapture.html

Monday, July 7, 2008

易中天先生给孩子报考大学志愿的原则

易中天努力在自己的家中为女儿营造一个最宽松最开明的小环境。

  女儿小的时候,他就只用商量的口吻跟女儿说话。孩子高三面临填报志愿,老爸提
出指导性意见,具体的主意孩子自己拿。“我给她定了四项基本原则和一个三维坐标系:
兴趣原则,你选的专业应该是你感兴趣的;
优势原则,你选的专业是最能体现你的优势的;
创造原则,这个专业毕业以后从事的工作应该是创造性的,而不是做简单重复劳动;
利益原则,这个专业最好还是能挣钱的。
三维坐标系就是:X轴——城市,Y轴——学校,Z轴——专业。把这个坐标系做出来以
后,按照你可能的考分,在这个三维结构中找到一个结合点。”


为了让女儿更好地选择这个点,易中天花了半年时间,北京、上海、南京、广州跑了一
圈,把她考虑范围内可能考上的学校全部实地考察一遍,“一家家拍成照片:宿舍,食
堂,学生状态……另外,列出这些学校3年以内在福建省招生的排行榜,然后,所有资
料摊在那儿,剩下的我不管,我做饭去了,她自己填。由于学校、专业都是她自己挑选
的,所以她进了这个学校后每年都是一等奖学金,毕业的时候是上海市的优秀毕业生,
她喜欢它、爱它呀。兴趣是最好的老师,爱是最大的动力。”

Saturday, June 21, 2008



二泉映月 - Moon Reflected in The Spring 2008-06-06 18:29:23



Listen to the music from a distance

Who was he after dusk

Walked along the street with a Pipa on his back

Whiffs of autumn wind blew his black sleeves up and down

In the dim moonlight

His thin shadow was on the slate path

He tottered in the alley

The winding road lead him to the end of a little bridge





The silence in the surrounding country

Candle lights dimly projected on windows

The player wondered where his appreciator was

One sigh after each turn-round

Only Reed Islet under the moon was in sight

His music prolonged resoundingly in the wood

The heart of the instrument trilled

Like the roaring wind through the pines

Also like the spring water gurgling





The wilt soul of music was roaming about

His living was intolerable to recall

The years pass and signs of human habitation remain

His black hair of youth had changed to grey in the twinkle of the eye
Miserably lonely, no relatives and friends in sight
How to endure the muddy in the wind and rain
But no complains on the glory and dishonour, ups and downs
Only the strings dispelled his grief of parting

Stand by at dawn and dusk

Accompanied him during misery and joy

After the drinking zest, the lingering sound still fluttered

Don't say his lofty aspiration was difficult to realize

Thousand of songs in his heart

All for the mountains and rivers in his hometown





The heaven and earth are far and long-lasting

But only human feelings are the longest

Our prayers go for the beacon-fire to stop all over the world

Joy and peace in each family

No suffering year in and year out

Even he went away like a celestial crane

Added one handful pure earth to the kind-heartedness

Such a feeling continues

There is aroma of orchids at the farthermost

Your music echoes in the running spring





二泉映月 曲:华彦钧(阿炳)词:王建 唱:石莉娟



听听琴声悠悠

是何人在黄昏后
身背着琵琶沿街走

背着琵琶沿街走

阵阵秋风吹动着他的青衫袖

淡淡的月光

石板路上人影瘦
步履遥遥出巷口

宛转又上小桥头





四野寂静

灯火微茫映画楼

操琴的人似问知音何处有

一声低吟一回首

只见月照芦荻洲

只见月照芦荻洲

琴音绕丛林

琴心在颤抖

声声犹如松风吼
又似泉水淙淙流





憔悴琴魂作漫游

平生事啊难回首

岁月消逝人烟留
年少青丝转瞬已然变白头

苦伶仃,举目无亲友

风雨泥泞怎忍受

荣辱沉浮无怨尤

荣辱沉浮无怨尤
惟有这琴弦解离愁

晨昏常相伴
苦乐总相守

酒醒人散余韵悠
酒醒人散余韵悠

莫说壮志难酬
胸中歌千首

都为家乡山水留





天地悠悠, 唯情最长久

共祝愿, 五洲四海烽烟收
家家笙歌奏,

年年岁岁乐无忧
年年岁岁乐无忧

纵然人似黄鹤
一抔净土惠山丘

噢此情绵绵不休
天涯芳草知音有

你的琴声还伴着泉水流

您永远是最安全的港湾

您永远是最安全的港湾/You Are Our Safest Harbor Forever (Ver. 2.01)
-- 献给父亲/ -- For My Father

浪宽/WideWave
Translation: Star-Night
star.dash.night@gmail.com

您是
一条河
流转着岁月
诉说
四季的沧桑

You are
A river
Year in and year out
Revealing the seasons' vicissitude

您是
一片海
擎起了太阳
放飞
天空的翅膀

You are
A sea
That raises the Sun
And releases the wings of the Sky

您是
一座山
坚韧起脊梁
挺拔大地的芬芳

You are
A mountain
With your tenacious backbone
Straightening the fragrance of the Earth

朦胧时
您是那巍峨的峻岭
坐在您的肩头
总能看的很远、很远

When I was a little kid
You were a majestic cliff
Sitting on your shoulders
I could always see scenes far, far away

长大时
您是一棵倔强的弯松
这才发现
我们的分量这样重,这样重

After growing up
I have realized that you are a stubborn curvy pine
And discovered that
Our weight was such heavy, so heavy

而现在
父亲啊
您是一首深沉的诗
儿女默默的读
泪轻轻的流……

But at present
My father
You are a profound poem
With your children reading you in silence
And shedding tears gently

那风曾吹裂了山石
那雨曾锈蚀了钢铁
却不曾摧垮您那唯一的信念
-- 家人幸福

The wind once cracked stones on mountains
The rain once rusted iron and steel
But they never demolished your sole faith
--The happiness of our family

岁月已匆匆流逝
昔日强健的身躯
如今在风雨中,却不停地微颤
脚步也已不听使唤
眼睛早已被泪水俘虏
当我来到您的身边
扑到在您的怀中
看清了 , 我看清了
那是一张带着温恬的笑容
能够包容一切的面孔
那是一张需要
我们一生去感恩的面孔

Time passes so quickly
Gone is your strong stature of old days
Now you cannot help trembling in wind or rain
Your footsteps do not always follow your mind
Your eyes are prisoners of your tears
When I arrive at your side
And throwing myself into your arms
I can see clearly your warm and quiet smile
And the face worth our gratitude for the whole life

忘不了,父子天伦嬉戏
忘不了,儿女夜归时,您额上的担忧
忘不了,您骑车载送我上学的背影
忘不了,您为儿女求医问药的多方奔走 ……

Never will we forget, the happy time we shared
Never will we forget, the worry on your forehead when we children returning
late at the night
Never will we forget, your carrying me to my school every day on your bike
Never will we forget, your trying every means possible to seek for us medical
help … …

春风化雨,您没有母亲的温柔
秋月朗明,您把柔情深藏心底
在您的羽翼下,我蠢蠢地,振翅欲飞
您陪伴我在世间风雨中激扬豪情

In the spring wind, you did not have the tender care as my mother offered
But under the autumn moon, you concealed your supple affection deep in your
heart
Under your wings, I fluttered to learn to fly
And you accompanied me to brave the world, in wind and rain

无论万水千山,即使风霜阅尽
鸟倦还巢之时,在儿女心中
您永远是最安全的港湾

Wherever we are, or even after experiencing all winds and frosts
Even when all birds are tired and ready to return to their nests
In the hearts of your children
Forever you are our safest harbor

Wednesday, May 28, 2008

中国已金融战败?石油离300美元每桶很近了!!

文章来源: 综合新闻 于 2008-05-28 00:10:55
敬请注意:新闻取自各大新闻媒体,新闻内容并不代表本网立场!



中国已金融战败?石油离300美元每桶很近了!! 综合新闻

作者:刘军洛

300美元一桶石油与金融霸权


什么叫金融霸权?什么叫食利者?什么叫美元全球化?如果您能正确掌握这几个基本常识,那么您就必然明白石油必然将很快上300美元/桶。

2001年中国GDP 11万亿人民币,上升至2007年今天GDP达23万亿元人民币,升幅在2倍。而石油价格从2001年25美元/桶,上升至2007年今天达到近100美元/桶,升幅在4倍。难道是中国需求推升了全球石油价格吗?想必这应该是不合理的说法。因为今天全球每年石油贸易交易300亿桶,中国才占不到1/30。所以如果您从金融霸权、食利者与美元全球化的角度来看这个问题,你会发现许多简单与许多中国人都应该面对的问题。几年前中国官方外汇储备达2000亿美元,石油价格在30美元/桶,中国可以购买近70亿桶石油。现在中国官方外汇储备是世界第一,达到1.4万亿美元,以今天石油价格100美元/桶计算,中国可以购买140亿桶石油。

那么就是这几年中国外汇官方储备的美元纸币数字增长了7倍,但是中国官方外汇储备的真实购买能力才增长2倍。那么这背后的巨大财富转移到了谁的手里?如果确实存在有计划、有目的的这种财富再转移。那么会不会出现未来中国官方外汇储备上升到惊人的2万亿美元,而石油的价格也上升到了300美元/桶。那样中国外汇储备可购买近70亿美元/桶。这样中国官方外汇储备十年内事实将是无增长。如果未来确实出现了这种情况,那中国参与全球化就是无私与博爱的世界慈善大使。近十年,中国向世界出口的每一件中国人民的血汗产品都是在向美国世界赠送。那么未来会不会出现石油300美元/桶这个价格,这个幕后巨大的金融世界黑手是不是存在。

1973年~1974年石油价格暴涨4倍

  1973年~1974年石油价格暴涨四倍。请中国许多主流经济学家们解释,他们会告诉你,这是因为以色列人发动了“赎罪日战争”所造成的。如果我们请当时的美国宏观战略制定者来解释,那么就是,因为二战后1945年建立的全球货币体系——布雷顿森林体系或金汇兑本位制,严重制约了当时美国建立世界货币权与资源权霸权目标。因为当时国际货币宪法就是,美国人没有黄金就不可以印美元。这样在1971年美国当时总统尼克松先生,终于撕毁布雷顿森林体系这部国际货币宪法,宣布美元与黄金的换购。尼克松先生提出了最符合美国货币权,资源权与华尔街食利者们的宪法,也就是今天的美元纸币本位制国际货币体系。

但是1971年尼克松提出的全球美元纸币本位制遭到了当时欧洲与日本的强烈反对。于是,美、欧、日关于美元纸币本位制与世界特别提款权之间展开了激烈的斗争,争吵到1973年,以色列人忽然让石油价格涨了四倍。这样欧洲人与日本人突然发现为了用美元购买非常昂贵的石油时,事实手中的美元并不多。所以为了冷战欧洲人与日本人,只能忍痛失去本身利益。这样全球货币史上最符合美国与世界食利者们的宪法,在石油大棒下诞生了。这就是为什么欧洲在冷战结束后摆脱一切阻力,全力建立了现在的欧元。甚至倒霉的科索沃地区,也在欧元建立前遭到了美国的军事手术。但是欧元顶住了任何的恐吓,诞生了。

因为欧洲人明白拥有货币权与资源权才是真正的财富。而另一个经济大国——日本,也在冷战结束后拼命无声地建立日元货币区。然而,最终的结果是当1997年日元贷款在东盟超过美元时,东盟遭到了美国对冲基金的冲杀。虽然日本在1997年东盟爆发危机后提出建立1千亿美元亚洲援助基金,大部分份额由日本人出。这个提议立刻遭到美国财政部与国际货币基金组织IMF的强力反对。日本最终是屈服了。所以世界货币权有许多故事,因为他是最终的财富力量。1973年以色列让石油暴涨的原因我们中国人如果不能明白,那么我们也必然不能明白,明天中国房价,全球石油、黄金与粮食价格还将强力暴涨。

今天的国际货币体系宪法,是美国用头脑与拳头建立的,正是有了这部美元纸币体位制的国际货币宪法,所以中国官方外汇储备必然是暴增再暴增,因为那是美国印刷机印刷出来的产品,你中国要多少,今天美国人就会给你多少。而全球石油与粮食价格必然是暴涨再暴涨。因为这些对中国今天而言已是“心脏”。还有设计1945年布雷顿森林体系的二个人,一个是美国人怀特,一个是英国人凯恩斯,最终凯恩斯被英国议员指责,损害了英国利益,而美国人怀特则被美国议员指责是共产党人。由此可见,1945年美国政治力量已经开始排斥黄金了。石油是种商品,还是美元的金融战略手段。

为什么今天美国在中东投入了自己大部分军力,为什么美国新型能源研究经费占其能源总经费中不及1%,为什么今天美国汽车业燃料标準还在1985年的水平。要知道如果美国国会把美国1985年的汽车燃料标準提高20%,对美国汽车工业的成本才不过几百亿美元,这样石油人均用量十倍于中国的美国全球用量的减少将迅速再创造出全球又一个挪威国家的石油产量。那为什么美国要在中东投入上万亿元军备,而不肯出几百亿美元来节约石油。您知道吗?1973年,尼克松先生为了建立“美元纸币本位制”,这部美元权力利益的国际宪法,还停止了美国粮食出口。那么2005年小布什先生的?生物能源法案?,这个法案将在未来使美国很少有美国粮食出口到世界。

请问中国人,小布什的?生物能源法案?是为了全球二氧化碳减排,为了全球环境,还是为了美国货币权,资源权与华尔街的食利者们。请每一个中国人知道,今天全球汽车工业在中国销售的汽车燃料标準要远低于在西方与日本的标準40%~60%。所有全球一切错综复杂的目标是什么?答案再简单不过了——财富。今天美国背负了几十万亿美元债务,中国这个本应该是世界大国的国家拥有几万亿美元储备,单中国官方就向世界借出了1.4万亿美元。中国是全球最大的债权国,想必你应该明白这个简单的计算问题了。石油价格下跌中国财富增加,石油价格上涨美国债务减少。所以21世纪的今天,石油价格会不会上演1973~1974的美元全球化的轻喜剧呢?

  

  中美会冷战吗?

  

  今天许多中国人都很自豪,嫦娥升空,经济强劲增长,工资与福利大副上升,中产阶级队伍迅速扩大,外汇储备全球第一。但我们每个人身边都有一种主伴奏——涨啊涨。那么未来这种主伴奏会抱紧我们许多中国人的脖子,还是中国安然走向了世界大国。

  

  世界史是什么——文明的冲撞与霸权的争夺。哪一个新兴大国没有遭到老牌大国文化与军事的纠正。今天以地域与思想划分,欧、美、英、日是一大块,俄罗斯一块,中国一块。今天美国人口3亿,年递增250~280万;中国人口13亿,年递增800~1000万;俄罗斯人口每年递减在70~100万;欧盟人口在5亿。美国军费每年大约5000亿美元,中国军费每年大约500亿美元,俄罗斯每年大约300亿美元。目前中国经济规模是俄罗斯5倍。以中国人口因素推算中国20~30年将接近或超过美国经济规模,而俄罗斯500年都不可发生威胁到美国的经济规模。请问如果您是美国宏观战略目标制定者,会不会改变历史游戏规则,不对新兴的,威胁到自身地位的后起之秀进行文明或军事式的纠正吗?如果您为了美国货币权、资源权与华尔街食利者们的利益,您是选择俄罗斯这个再崛起老牌大国,还是中国这个新兴崛起大国呢?如果您选择文明手段,无非是发动文化、意识与金融攻击。

想必所有的答案都很清楚与简单。或许有人会问,那为什么要到今天才发动金融攻击,为什么不再几年前就发动金融攻击。请问几年前中国大地是不是还有许多宝贵农田、森林、资源与水源。那么今天中国是不是已经是世界工厂,今天中国是不是要依靠世界资源来供养,今天中国是不是在全球高速跃进,没有货币权与资源权一个奇怪的巨龙呢?再请问每一个中国人,1990年冷战结束后,美国的二届总统,克林顿与小布什谁制裁过中国的贸易权。所以今天中国是全球贸易赢余第一大国,全球官方储备第一大国,那么这个中国今天的结构是不是美国冷战后主要战略目标,是不是美国冷战结束后,主要目标是中国?如果这个结论确认,那么美国用了近45年时间用军事恐吓政策,消灭了前苏联。而美国用近20年时间用美元纸币换取了大量中国资源。

今天在中国手中缺少资源的时候,石油到了近100美元/桶,那么明天将如何演变呢?是不是美国一直冷战思维主导全球控制。世界是很和平,人是很文明,然而在财富,在意识,在文化,在国家利益前,什么都会变化的。就像石油价格,笔者相信很快会到300美元/桶,因为这是民族、文化、意识与财富全球化问题。就像笔者在2001年强烈呼吁中国必须建立次级金本位人民币货币体系,建立中国全球货币与资源权。笔者在2001年提出未来的黄金价格至少3000美元/盎司,石油价格至少300美元/桶。当时2001年一句话就是——中国要么选择次级金本位,要么选择崩溃。

  

  次级金本位与新冷战

  

  次级金本位——以黄金、石油、土地、森林、水源以及稀缺矿藏组合的人民币支付,储备与贸易需求的货币体系。一个货币体系的目标是什么——优化效率与优化配置。一个经济体系的财政目标是什么——公平分配。一个大国的目标是什么——全球货币权与资源权。那么2007年的今天中国货币目标、财政目标、全球目标建立了吗?请不要告诉大家住房市场化是提高中国的劳动生产率,请不要告诉大家资源市场化,让我们享受到了廉价中国煤炭产出的电力。难道一个国家的资源需要建立市场机制分配,而不是以一部货币宪法来分配。

今天我们60%的电力是为全球服务,而由这产生的100%环境破坏,资源破坏则是在为我们中国服务。今天我们建造的99%的大楼比西方发达国家能效低60%,建造这些不负责任大楼的人在中国是富甲一方。资源市场机制分配出来的中国私人利益集团,最终是给中国带来效率、民主与进步,还是最终的高消耗与贫富严重分化。

  

  2001年笔者提出中国必须建立“次级金本位”人民币货币体系,必须建立中国资源货币宪法化,必须建立中国全球货币权与全球资源权,否则中国必然是被美元掏空资源,被美元恶化配置,被美元在国内建立强大的私人利益集团与强大的美元买办集团。

  

  今天美国人与IMF谈全球经常帐户失衡,而欧洲人谈环境货币建立。这二个看似不同的目标在全球的结果是什么,答案是——欧洲与美国希望石油价格暴涨。这个答案是再简单不过了,在今年6月笔者强烈呼吁中国必须认清美、欧、日已达成全球利益再分配的目标。经常帐户失衡最简单地转嫁就是美元贬值。而谈环境货币建立,而不谈提高新兴国家汽车燃料标準与西方一致,无非就是要求全球少用煤炭,多用石油。美元贬值必然是世界性通胀出现,必然推升石油通胀价格,环境货币的推出,必然是推高目前石油实际需求。如果确实是主要发达国家默认石油价格,那么石油价格将疯了。

  

  国与国之间的联盟必然只有利益,环境货币没有美国同意是不可能诞生的。欧洲是全球掌握最领先绿色能源的地区,未来环境货币的建立必然创造出全球十几万亿美元的绿色能源市场。而美国急需解决新兴大国的崛起问题。所以未来美元怎么走、全球石油、黄金与粮食价格怎么走,答案非常简单。

  

  如果单单只是石油价格上涨出现中国财富骤减,美国财富骤增这场荒唐闹剧,那么我们中国人都节约再节约,重新增加财富。只怕到时,石油到疯涨时,美国突然进入高利率与高赤字美元政策。要知道在1979年美国里根与沃尔克突然让美元进入高利率与高赤字美元政策。拉美地区一夜之间变成了美元帝国的长期金融奴隶。今天美国重量级人物格林斯潘出版的新书中,与笔者的观点一致认为美元未来会进入高利率政策。

那么1980是拉美地区变成美国金融奴隶,1990年前苏联被美国冷战解体,1990年日本被美国升值战打成长期通缩, 1997年东盟面对美国对冲基金是纷纷瘫痪。那么今天如果美国战略目标是让中国陷入石油、粮食与美元危机,那么中国就必然不是什么财富损失的问题,而是最终大量的中国高级技术人才大量被迫移民,而中国私人利益集团与美元买办集团则负责把中国巨额财富转移到美国。美国世界是人财两要,这个是故事会不会是必然的事实。你见过1990年冷战的苏联吗?那么请你看看未来的世界石油、黄金与粮食价格吧,这就叫做金融战争或者是新冷战。

  

  中国的确本应是一个大国,但是我们有私人利益集团有美元买办集团,要知道美国今天房产市场最垃圾债券叫——次级债,最大的买主是中国人,那为什么中国不可拿出这巨额资本在中国建立“廉价租房基金”。要知道美国财政部最大债券购买者也是中国人,美国财政部拿出这笔巨额财富在中东驻军,在关岛建立最大美国军事核基地,你知道关岛在哪吗?全球主要发达国家石油储备在50亿桶,以100美元/桶计算,市值在5000亿桶。中国官方外汇储备在1.4万亿美元,事实是世界发达国家建立丰厚的石油储备,军备开支,研究经费都是建立在中国资本身上。还有世界主要发达国家拥有了几万吨黄金储备,中国只是1千吨黄金储备,不过中国确实有几万吨美元纸币储备。请问每一个中国人最终是西方主要发达国家以文明的方式保障中国人的财富,还是让石油、粮食与黄金疯了再疯以食利者身份“善待”中国财富呢?次级金本位是中国建立世界货币权与资源权的唯一途径,也是唯一可以对抗全球食利者们在美元纸币本位制国际宪法下的冷战思维,也是消灭本土私人利益集团的重要宪法保障。

  

  制造业大国误国

  

  我们某些主流一直把美国最先进的百年理论——市场经济贩卖到中国大地。一直谈论——市场经济是利益多元化,不可能像计划经济那样利益一元化,不会出现任何利益集团存在。当然美国人、英国人必然会倾力淳淳教导每一个中国人要建立市场经济,要建立全球贸易,要建立开放再开放的金融与实体机制。但是英国人会告诉你中国人,在第一次世界大战之前,1910年就开始放弃国内非常丰富的煤炭资源,而发动全民族力量向世界索取每一滴石油的战略了吗?美国人会告诉你中国人,在二战结束后,就开始在中东建立以色列这个中东强大的盟友,以军事手段在中东建立了自己的石油基地吗?美国人资本史几百年了,今天美国的阿拉斯加地区石油储藏有几万亿美元,美国人开采过吗?当然,美国人会很优雅地告诉中国主流经济学家们,我们美国人是环境至上主义者,我们需要保护阿拉斯加环境资源。然后中国主流经济学家们立刻回来大声告诉每一个中国人——资源市场化,所有的一切市场化。

  

  所有的工业化强国都是在国内资源获得保障、世界资源权获得军事安全保障情况下,再去大谈世界公平贸易,开放再开放与全部再全部市场化,中国资源不去建立货币宪法化保障,我们去谈西方的理论,请问每一个中国人,今天中国市场没有了主流经济学家们在中国贩卖美国市场学说中下的定义——市场经济下没有利益集团呢?抱歉,今天美国也有利益集团,只不过他们是全球化利益集团。当然,中国也必定是中国本土利益集团。笔者反对计划经济,反对强行推行市场经济所必然制造出了的中国本土私人利益集团。中国必须建立资源货币宪法下的市场经济,中国必须建立中国资源下每一个中国人公平与公正。

  

  华盛顿的好莱坞悲情剧还将一遍一遍地上演著。1973年~1974年石油价格上涨四倍,尼克松先生一边呼吁石油价格下来,一边建立了有史以来最符合美国利益、最保障华尔街食利者的美元纸币本位制国际宪法。今天美国华盛顿又上演著美国次级债救火行动。而西方主要发达国家仓库里的石油与黄金储备在次级债中暴涨了上万亿美元利润。美国世界的几十万亿美元债务在美国次级债中不停地不见了。而在美国的好莱坞悲情剧——次级债中,中国大地面对的是近100美元/桶石油与手中的债权也不停的不见了。一个没有世界货币权与资源权的制造业大国,会不会在华盛顿未来的悲情剧中面对全球石油、食物与黄金涨啊涨。华盛顿必然会呼吸全世界爱好和平的人民节约石油与粮食。而华尔街的食利者已经开始了在地下室的世纪狂欢之夜。2001年至今,笔者不停谈论中国主流经济学家们为什么一边交杯换盏,一边只把杭州当汴州。当中国主流经济学家们全力把中国打造成世界工厂时,每一个中国人也必然开始面对——石油与粮食的洗礼与再造。这就是美元全球化,这就是金融霸权,这就是食利者的游戏,中国懂吗?

  

  2001年石油25美元/桶,黄金250美元/盎司,笔者到处艰辛再艰辛的在中国大地到处推销中国必须全力建立——次级金本位,否则中国未来就是崩溃,这是一场新殖民化的金融掠夺与新冷战。艰辛再艰辛的写了七年,在今年6月开博,希望以多种方式强烈呼吁国人,中国已经金融战败,全球石油、粮食与黄金价格将强烈上涨,美元货币将强烈暴跌……。短短四个月,石油从65美元/桶上升至今天近100美元/桶。黄金从650美元/盎司上涨到今天800美元/盎司,全球粮食是疯涨再疯涨,美元货币是暴跌再暴跌;短短四个月,我的母亲与夫人也从中国近十年可爱的人被今天中国主流媒体全力描绘成中国最险恶的人。

石油与粮食正在向每一个中国人走过来,石油与粮食将抱紧再抱紧每一个中国人的脖子。我与家人前进道路必然有风暴,有毒蛇,有陷阱。但也有中国的正义力量的友情。我在开博时,已经写了我会写下去的,只是委屈了母亲与夫人将会为我受苦。中国人的民族历史没有一次对外部势力进行过一次对等与齐心较量的机会,我们有岳飞,林则徐与袁崇焕,但是也有秦桧……。我时常把爷爷的诗放在身上,这是我永远的支柱《带镣行》——带镣长街行,蹒跚复蹒跚。市人争瞩目,我心无愧怍。带镣长街行,镣声和铿锵。市人皆惊讶,我心自安详。带镣长街行,志气愈轩昂。拼作阶下囚,工农齐解放。

  

  手中的笔写下去,只要主义真,写下去……。因为我的祖国您需要石油、粮食与黄金,您需要民富才国强的资源货币宪法化与保障公共福利化经济增长模式。您应该永远永远地拒绝,没有世界资源权与货币权的世界制造工厂模式,您应该永远永远地拒绝美元纸币全球化的世界金融循环体系。您可以有自己的世界货币权与资源权,我的祖国,您应该消灭保障私人利益集团与全球食利者们的全盘市场化的宪法。写下去,虽然风暴更大了,写下去,因为石油上300美元/桶离我的祖国很近、很近了。

Sunday, May 25, 2008

美国人的生意经才是全球粮荒罪魁祸首!

中文媒体: Local Access打往中国电话卡1.3¢/分种

文章来源: 凤凰网 于 2008-05-25 00:42:48
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中文媒体:美国人的生意经才是全球粮荒罪魁祸首! 凤凰网

(作者: shiwang)

“美国生意经”制造全球“粮荒”?

  4月16日,在菲律宾首都马尼拉,一对母子在国家粮食署销售点把刚刚购买的低价大米装进口袋。据当地媒体当日报道,面对国际市场大米价格大幅上涨的局面,菲律宾政府决定在两周内实行一项限购低价米的政策。菲国家粮食署将不再向市场投放每公斤18.25比索(约合0.45美元)的低价大米,而是改由粮食署在各区市公共场所设立大米直销点等新的销售渠道,直接向贫困家庭销售政府补贴的大米,以保障贫困人口的口粮供应。届时,贫困家庭将凭借政府颁发的“购粮卡”购买这种低价大米。新华社记者刘华摄

  中国日报网站环球在线消息:2007年以来,世界粮价飞涨,创下20年来新高。先是小麦价格飞涨112%,玉米上扬47.3%,随即大豆价格攀高,之后还有大米……与之相伴的,是多个国家的粮食恐慌和随之而来的骚乱。
  
而在美国密西西比河畔的艾奥瓦州──全美玉米种植面积最大和出口最多的州之一,从事农业35年的约翰逊,今年却不再把成熟的玉米送到密西西比河的谷物收购站以供出口,而是选择了把玉米卖给几公里外的乙醇提炼工厂。因为这样他可以赚到更多的钱──每蒲式耳5.5美元(1蒲式耳合25.4公斤),比2年前翻了两倍还多。

  “谷物价格现在直接与石油价格挂鉤了。”华盛顿的地球政策研究所所长莱斯特特布朗如是说。人们已经意识到,石油在抢夺粮食,而美国大量使用玉米制造生物燃料乙醇,破坏了原有的供需关系,进而推动了世界粮食价格的上涨。

  要了解美国人在“粮荒”背后的生意经,先让我们将镜头拉回到艾奥瓦州。在那里,现有28个乙醇加工厂,消费着全州玉米产量的1/4,还将使艾奥瓦州的玉米出口在未来几年至少缩减一半。

  艾奥瓦州是美国的缩影,美国玉米产量的1/4用于生产乙醇,而在2008年美国的玉米出口将减少48%。不要小看这一比例,要知道,美国玉米出口占到世界玉米出口总量的75%。同时,由于玉米涨价更快,大批美国农民放弃种植大豆而改种玉米,美国大豆播种面积大幅减少15.6%。

  2007年美国玉米种植面积估计高达9360万英亩(1英亩约合0.4公顷),创下1944年以来的新高,而玉米产量为125亿蒲式耳。但市场分析人士称,尽管产量创下新高,但玉米价格仍有望升至创纪录的每蒲式耳3.5~3.6美元。种植面积扩大,而价格却继续上升,玉米价格与传统农产品的价格规律完全背道而驰。这一切,都源自美国能源战略的调整。

  早在汽车诞生之后不久,福特汽车就曾尝试使用乙醇燃料。由于乙醇做燃料在动力上远不如石油,而且成本高昂,所以很快就被放弃了。但美国一直没有放弃对乙醇燃料的研究,目前美国是世界上第一大生物能源生产国,使用的原料主要是玉米(巴西排名第二,但巴西生产生物乙醇的主要原料是甘蔗)。

  其实用粮食做乙醇并不是一项新发明。这项有着千年历史,在古希腊酿造了酒神精神,在中国演绎着红高粱传奇的酿酒工艺,是如何在21世纪成为新能源先驱的,只要看看发疯的油价就明白了。

  玉米做乙醇,值吗?

  中国国家发改委能源研究所研究员王仲颖对《环球》杂志记者表示:“2005年美国年生产生物燃料乙醇为42亿加崙(1加崙约为3.785升),2007年为80亿加崙,可替代美国2%的石油使用量。”为了这2%的石油,导致全球粮价上涨,让全世界为粮价感到恐慌和忧虑,这样的代价值得吗?

  对美国商人来说,这是很值得的。据王仲颖介绍,按目前的生产技术,1蒲式耳玉米大约可以制造2.7加崙乙醇,那么80亿加崙的乙醇就需要29.6亿蒲式耳玉米,而美国的玉米年产量为120亿蒲式耳左右,目前做乙醇的玉米为美国玉米总产量的1/4。随着未来几年乙醇燃料的增加,美国审计总署说,今后5年里美国将有1/3的玉米用于生产乙醇。

  中国现代国际关系研究院世界经济研究所所长陈凤英在向《环球》杂志介绍玉米做乙醇的成本时说:“玉米做乙醇在油价为50美元一桶的时候,可以收回成本。”而当前的油价是100美元以上,玉米做乙醇的利润相当可观。

  100美元一桶,一桶相当于42加崙,也就是一加崙石油为2.38美元。据美国农业部首席经济学家凯斯斯柯林斯估计,现在美国用玉米生产乙醇的成本为每加崙1.60美元。乙醇生产商在批发市场上出售他们的产品,有时卖给炼油厂,有时卖给中间商再转卖给炼油厂。乙醇价格一般会随汽油价格的涨落而起伏,而汽油价格又会随国际油价而波动。每加崙乙醇的售价通常比汽油高51美分,因为联邦政府会给生产混合燃料的厂家每加崙51美分的减税以资鼓励。

  2006年,乙醇行业上演了一场疯狂行情。由于汽油价格上涨和乙醇需求量增加,夏季时乙醇价格飙升,较汽油高出的部分超过了1美元。

  在油价高涨的今天,生物乙醇的总利润已经接近50%,把各个中间环节考虑进去,依然有利可图。同时,美国还给与生物燃料制造以大量补贴。据瑞士日内瓦的全球补贴行动组织在2007年发布的一份报告称,2006年美国政府对生物燃料的资助额在63亿~77亿美元之间,预计在2008年达到130亿美元,2014年将近160亿美元。

  在美国政府的现行政策下,大部分补贴流向了对乙醇的支持。美国的减税率在过去一年维持不变,每一加崙乙醇(含进口)可获得51美分补贴。报告指出,“由于没有从制度上规定上限或者与油价挂鉤,因此补贴成本跟随国内消费增长而同步增加。”补贴正是美国最有效的产业政策。美国的燃料乙醇生产企业一般可以享受到双重补贴和双重税收减免。

  三大汽车公司老板游说白宫的背后

  油价的上涨使以生产“油老虎”出名的底特律汽车三巨头──通用、福特和克莱斯勒公司,眼睁睁地看着在丰田的带领下,亚洲竞争对手夺走了美国汽车市场的大量份额。美国车在全球正被亚、欧汽车逼入绝境,这时美国政府发布了发展乙醇燃料的战略,对汽车业来说真是太及时了。

  现在,美国的汽车大部分是使用E15乙醇汽油,即15%的乙醇混合85%的汽油。而未来美国的目标是推广使用E85乙醇汽油的汽车,即85%的乙醇混合15%的汽油。美国三大汽车巨头已经卖出数百万量使用E85的汽车。

  所以,我们对这样的一幕不必惊讶:美国三大汽车公司的老总坐着使用乙醇燃料而且装饰着玉米柄的汽车来到白宫和国会,呼吁总统和议员们支持乙醇燃料汽车。美国汽车巨头一边希望借助乙醇燃料打压在传统节油领域中占技术优势的日本车,一边企图快速树立世界范围的乙醇燃料和发动机标准,打压中国等后起的竞争者,夺回失去的市场。

  乙醇工业也在改变着美国的传统农业。2006年5月底,美国的第100家乙醇厂在艾奥瓦州正式投产运营。目前,在美国50个州中,20个州生产燃料乙醇,主要集中在中北部和西部地区。

  据《华尔街日报》报道,2001年,美国有59家乙醇工厂;而到了2007年,已达到119家,目前还有另外86家正在建设当中,其中不乏国际知名大企业,BP、杜邦、凯雷资本。而一个叫做Renewable Energy Group的公司专门从事生物燃料的开发,已经占据了40%的市场份额,2007年这家公司入选《财富》杂志15家将改变世界的公司。

  美国可再生燃料协会的哈特维希说,乙醇是美国农业州经济增长的巨大引擎,2005年乙醇行业创造了15.3万个工作岗位,使美国农业地区的家庭收入增加了57亿美元。

  已经有人预言,生物能源技术可能如当年的互联网一样正在酝酿泡沫,而新能源对美国将起到的作用是否也将如互联网一样成为经济新的引擎?

  另一笔账

  美国大力推动玉米乙醇还有更大的一笔账要算:用自己在土地资源上的优势去弥补在石油消耗上的劣势,从而继续维持在全球经济格局中的主动地位。

  美国有着巨大的耕地面积,这是其推动生物燃料乙醇战略的底气。美国的耕地达19745万公顷,占世界耕地总面积的13.15%,是世界上耕地面积最大的国家,而人均耕地0.7公顷,是世界人均耕地的2.9倍。强大的土地资源优势,是美国放手发动乙醇燃料这一石油替代战略的重要后盾。事实上,维持美国的能源安全也早已成为美国农业部的重要战略定位之一。

  同时,尽管美国对石油的依赖已从对中东地区的依赖转为多元化进口,但美国人很快意识到,行动在石油产地和输油线路周边的恐怖分子也会威胁到美国高速路上开车的美国人。这让美国迫切地感到需要能源自主。生物乙醇汽油的使用,尽管现在才占到美国石油总使用量的2%,但是它昭示着一个对美国来说非常令人鼓舞的前景。

  王仲颖介绍说,到2030年,美国的30%的汽油将用生物液体燃料替代,生物液体燃料的总产量将达到600亿加崙。按美国目前石油需求的年增长为1%~2%来计算,600亿加崙意味着美国从现在到2030年的石油需求增长将全部得到满足,美国只要能保証目前的石油进口量就可以保証其石油安全。

  打通油价与粮价之间的通道

  据英国《经济学家》杂志最新发布的全球大宗商品价格统计数据,从2006年4月22日到2008年4月22日,以美元计算粮食价格上涨了69%,石油上涨了84.4%,而金属、矿石的价格有所下降,从中可以清晰地看到粮食价格和石油价格的联动关系。而以欧元计算,粮食和石油价格的上涨幅度比以美元计算低了19%。如何解释这些现象?

  粮食的周期性价格上涨,本来是可以通过粮食库存来进行自发调节,而且上涨幅度也不会像2007年到2008年这样剧烈。粮价出现如此剧烈的波动,现在人们主要归结于自然灾害、新兴经济体需求增长以及美国生物燃料的发展。

  自然灾害是短期性因素,不会持久发生作用。而新兴经济体的经济发展,是不是真的增加了对粮食的所谓刚性需求呢?北京大学中国经济中心教授卢锋的研究表明,感觉往往是靠不住的。以中国为例,卢锋对《环球》杂志说:“结合中国实际经济情况和统计数据看,中国长期收入增加导致粮食需求增加有限,中国粮食消费增长显着低于十几年前预测的水平,对食量需求快速增长线性增长的‘所谓刚性’缺乏经验証据支持。”

  那么再来看美国生物燃料的发展。生物燃料的发展起到了打通油价与粮价之间通道的作用。本来在正常情况下,粮价上升,自然会促使农民採取扩大种植面积,开发荒地等手段,增加粮食产量。但是,在玉米可以做乙醇的情况下,油价上涨驱动了生物能发展,使玉米做乙醇成为有利可图的生意,增加的玉米转化为燃料。而玉米价格上升,导致和玉米轮作的大豆种植面积减少,又带动了大豆价格上升。同时,玉米是重要的饲料,饲料价格上升直接导致肉、蛋、奶价格上涨。

  有人认为,在目前美国的能源战略格局下,唯一能够阻止粮价继续上涨的希望是,在纤维素乙醇上取得关键技术突破,实现从玉米根茎部分提炼。然而分析人士指出,目前这些技术实验要最终变成现实估计需要将近10年的时间。麦肯锡合伙人凯撒预测,这种燃料到2015年才可实现商业化。而悲观的人士认为,任何採用植物为原料的生物燃料技术,都有可能导致与粮食抢夺种植面积。在未来十年,随着美国新能源战略的逐渐展开,全球粮食价格将保持持续上行态势。如果粮食供给没有大的改善,至少在中期之内,全球粮价将维持在高位。

  作为世界上最大的粮食出口国,美国不仅从粮价上涨中受益。更为重要的是,美元贬值使美国成功地将目前的经济困境转嫁给了其他国家。陈凤英指出:“美元贬值并不是美国衰退的标志,而是美国转嫁危机的手段。”

  现在,我们已经看到在美元的推手下,世界粮价和油价的剧烈上涨。还要警惕的是,美联储近日宣布再次降息25个基点,美国的本轮降息周期已经结束。随着下半年美国经济的转好,美元升值在未来将成为美国的又一利器,重新给世界经济带来新的搅动。想想柯立芝总统的那句名言:美国的事业就是商业(The business of America is business),美国玉米做乙醇的故事或许是一个最好的政治经济学案例。