Wednesday, October 24, 2007

One Year Marriage Aniversery

小时候,学习成语,“时光如梭”“光阴似箭”不能完全理解其中的深刻含义。现在终于明白了。不知不觉中,已在美国呆了十五个月多了。今天,十月二十四号,我人生最重要的一天,也在美国度过.

特发几张照片, 以次纪念。




Katy Says Today Is the Best Day of My Whole Entire Life
Christine Lavin

This song always reminds me of Pound's Study in Aesthetics.

Katy says "Today is the best day
Of my whole entire life!"
Katy is three years old.
We've been dancin' in the living room
To her new Tom Paxton record.
Katy's got a lot of rhythm
When she wiggles for a little kid;
She's got soul.
That night, when her mom and dad come home,
I tell them what she said to me.
I bet they'll think I'm some kind of
Baby-sitting genius
To make this little girl so darned happy.
But they smile, and they say,
"Don't take this the wrong way,
But Katy said the same thing yesterday.
Lately, she's been saying that every day."

I think back to what I know
As the best day of my life.
It was wintertime ten years ago.
We were stayin' at a farmhouse
In the middle of Vermont.
The hills were covered in Christmas trees
And freshly fallen snow.
Instantly I picture
The vivid details of that day
When you told me that you loved me more
Than you could ever say.
The air was a bracing cold,
The sky a startled blue.
Never before, or since,
Have I felt that close to you.

What does that say about you and me
And the past ten years?
I've learned to live with your silence.
You've learned to overlook my tears.
Now this dancing three year old
In her simple, perfect way
Has me questioning the basis for
The life we live today.

Katy's probably sleeping now.
I wonder if she dreams
About flying with the angels
Dancing with moonbeams.
You are here beside me,
You are snoring right out loud.
I long to kiss you on the forehead
And soothe your worried brow.
Although we have not given up,
It's been ages since we tried
To reveal the aching passion
That for years we pushed aside.
I whisper that I love you,
Because I know you cannot hear.
I turn off the light, and in the dark,
You gently pull me near.

Katy says "Today is the best day
Of my whole entire life."


(From http://stuff.mit.edu/people/dpolicar/writing/poetry/poems/katy.html)
















Thursday, October 18, 2007

Somewhere Out There



I though it was about time to make a love song. SO I found Somewhere Out There by Linda Ronstadt and make another POTO video. Here are the lyrics.
Somewhere out there,
Beneath the pale moon night,
Someone's thinking of me,
And loving me tonight.
Somewhere out there,
Someone's saying a prayer,
Then we'll find one another,
In that big somewhere out there.

(Chorus 1)
And even though I know how very far apart we are,
It helps to think we might be wishing
On the same bright star,
And when the night will start to sing
A lonesome lullaby,
It helps to think we're sleeping underneath the
Same big sky.

(Chorus 2)
Somewhere out there,
If love can see us through,
Then, we'll be together,
Somewhere out there, out where dreams, come true.

(Repeat Chorus 1)

(Repeat Chorus 2)

Monday, October 15, 2007

隐形的翅膀,孤独中的坚强!




今天偶然之间在文学城的博客听到这首歌,觉得歌声好熟悉, 一查,原来自ANGELA, 仔细聆听,歌词好美,“每一次, 都在徘徊孤独中坚强” , 这四年来,生活何尝不是这样,好希望, 有一天终于能看到所以梦想都开花。

特收集到这里行赏。

Wednesday, October 10, 2007

Surface chemistry wins Nobel Prize

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to German scientist Gerhard Ertl, on his 71st birthday. Ertl's groundbreaking research showed chemists it was possible to understand the fine details of what gas molecules do at the solid surfaces of metals. He worked out the role of metal catalysts in industrial reactions such as the making of artificial fertilizer. But he also pioneered the study of surfaces in many chemical processes: from ozone destruction in the atmosphere and cars' exhaust-cleaning catalytic converters, to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and materials for the electronics industry.

'Ertl's lifelong work has lifted the subject of molecular chemistry at surfaces from alchemy to cutting edge 21st century science,' said Ortwin Hess of the University of Surrey, UK.

Well before Ertl was born, chemists knew solid surfaces were key to catalysing reactions: as far back as 1912, Paul Sabatier shared the Nobel Prize for using nickel to help hydrogenate organic compounds. But the precise details of how molecules and atoms interacted with a surface evaded scientists: they didn't have the technology to look closely enough.


"Ertl's lifelong work has lifted the subject of molecular chemistry at surfaces from alchemy to cutting edge 21st century science"
- Ortwin Hess
In the 1960s, the right tools fell within reach, thanks to methods developed by the semiconductor industry, such as the ability to handle clean surfaces under almost perfect vacuum. An array of sophisticated techniques were developed by chemists, Ertl among them: injecting gas molecules onto surfaces and firing electrons, UV, infrared and x-rays at them in order to probe their structures using microscopy, spectroscopy and diffraction.

Ertl began by looking at how hydrogen atoms were organised on the surface of metals such as palladium, platinum and nickel. In the 1980s he studied the Haber-Bosch process, where ammonia is made by nitrogen and hydrogen gas molecules reacting on an iron surface. Ertl explained that nitrogen molecules split apart into atoms on the surface; where the atoms were adsorbed; why potassium promoted the reaction, and the step-by-step mechanism of ammonia production. In doing so he laid down a model of how to unravel any solid-gas catalytic mechanism.

In the 1980s and 90s Ertl tackled another classic reaction: how carbon monoxide is oxidised on a platinum surface to form carbon dioxide - one of the key reactions in the catalytic converter. This one was more complicated, since the kinetics of reaction were not dominated by one slow step. Again, he picked his way through a formidable series of methods to a comprehensive understanding; showing how molecules moved around on the platinum in complicated rhythms and patterns during the reaction.

Ertl, now emeritus professor at Berlin's Fritz Haber Institute, part of the Max Planck Society, was delighted with his award. 'This is the best birthday present you can give to somebody,' he told the Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Surface scientists were pleased with the recognition of their field, but at the same time surprised that other surface science pioneers, including David King, of Cambridge University, UK and Gabor Somorjai, of the University of California, Berkeley, had missed out.

'No doubt there will be disappointment in some quarters that the prize was not more widely shared,' said Andrea Sella, of University College London. But many surface scientists agreed with American Chemical Society President Katie Hunt: 'I am delighted that the prize recognizes a field of chemistry that often receives little public attention, and yet has transformed lives in so many ways.'

(From http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/October/10100703.asp)

Tuesday, October 9, 2007

And a time to every purpose under heaven

When I heard this song today, which made me move, and like tell me something. Exactly, there is a time for everything around you. So whatever happened to you everytime, positive? negative? Face it and Enjoy it with a common sence.





Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)
The Byrds


To everything - turn, turn, turn
There is a season - turn, turn, turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven

对于任何事物(-转变,转变,转变)
都有对应的季节(-转变,转变,转变)
天下的任何事情,都有对应的时间。

A time to be born, a time to die
A time to plant, a time to reap
A time to kill, a time to heal
A time to laugh, a time to weep

有出生时,有死亡时
有种植时,有收割时
有杀戮时,有治愈时
有欢笑时,有流泪时

To everything - turn, turn, turn
There is a season - turn, turn, turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven

对于任何事物(-转变,转变,转变)
都有对应的季节(-转变,转变,转变)
天下的任何事情,都有对应的时间。

A time to build up, a time to break down
A time to dance, a time to mourn
A time to cast away stones
A time to gather stones together

有建立时,有摧毁时
有跳舞时,有忧伤时
有抛弃石头时
有收聚石头时

To everything - turn, turn, turn
There is a season - turn, turn, turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven

对于任何事物(-转变,转变,转变)
都有对应的季节(-转变,转变,转变)
天下的任何事情,都有对应的时间。

A time of love, a time of hate
A time of war, a time of peace
A time you may embrace
A time to refrain from embracing

有热爱时,有痛恨时
有战争时,有和平时
有可能拥抱时
有避免拥抱时

To everything - turn, turn, turn
There is a season - turn, turn, turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven

对于任何事物(-转变,转变,转变)
都有对应的季节(-转变,转变,转变)
天下的任何事情,都有对应的时间。

A time to gain, a time to lose
A time to rend, a time to sew
A time for love, a time for hate
A time for peace, I swear it's not too late!

有收获时,有损失时
有撕碎时,有缝合时
有热爱时,有痛恨时
有和平时,我敢说不会太迟了。

The Byrds乐队的一首经典之作,曾经作为插曲出现在电影《阿甘正传》当中,歌名Turn! Turn! Turn!(To Everything There Is A Season)。To everything there is a season是宾,而turn turn turn是主,正如"诸行无常"中,"无常"为主一般。这首歌,说的也正是"诸行无常"的道理,非常切合电影的主题,无论是阿甘的一生,还是大背景的美国的那几十年,不都是在turn turn turn吗?
(From http://web.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=mysj&MsgID=12091)

Giant magnetoresistance wins Nobel prize for physicists



(From http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/October/09100703.asp)

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to Frenchman Albert Fert and German Peter Grünberg, for their discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). The effect makes it possible to read densely-packed data storage devices, paving the way for today's tiny, high-capacity computer hard drives.

In 1988, Grünberg and Fert independently announced that thin multilayers of iron and chromium showed a huge change in electrical resistance when placed in magnetic fields. As both researchers quickly realised, the surprising effect meant that small magnetic changes in the materials greatly affected electron flow. The tool was perfect for reading data from hard disks, where information stored magnetically has to be converted to electric current. Grünberg quickly patented the discovery, and by 1997 the first read-out head based on GMR was launched by IBM.

'It's probably the most rapidly-developed scientific discovery ever, in terms of technology - within 5 or 6 years of the initial discovery, researchers were looking at commercial production,' Mark Blamire, who works on magnetic devices at the University of Cambridge, UK, told Chemistry World.



Hard drive
The hard drive: less than a decade from pure science to global impact

© Nobel Foundation


In Fert and Grünberg's original systems, a layer of non-magnetic chromium was sandwiched by layers of ferromagnetic iron. If the atomic spins in successive iron layers were oriented in the same direction, making the overall magnetisation of both layers parallel, electrons could also align their spins and pass through the material with little resistance.

But electrical resistance shot up when the second iron layer had its magnetisation aligned antiparallel to the first. That's because the electrons which had oriented their spins with one set of iron atoms were then scattered on encountering the next layer. Fert's team used a series of iron layers with alternating magnetisation, which strengthened the effect on electron flow.

This phenomenon - which Fert called giant magnetoresistance - provided a way to detect the magnetic field alignment of tiny segments of a magnetic disk, used to store bits of computer data. The giant magnetoresistive material in a read 'head', hovering over the spinning hard disk, has its magnetisation changed by the bits of data flying beneath it. This in turn alters the flow of electrical current through the read head, creating a relatively strong signal from a tiny magnetic field - and using smaller magnetic domains allows much denser data storage.



Chemical origins

In GMR's wake has come a more sensitive effect called tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR), where an insulating material acts as the sandwich, which electrons can move through by quantum tunnelling. GMR also paved the way for a new field of electronics called spintronics, where an electron's spin - manipulated with magnetic fields - is used as the basic component of binary data.

Fert and Grünberg's success rested on chemical techniques that allowed them to make thin layers of different materials. 'The discovery depended on the ability to grow and deposit metallic films at nanometre length scales with high precision,' said Blamire. In the laboratory, the scientists built up the layers by depositing atoms from low-pressure gases of iron and chromium; but the technology really took off commercially when IBM's Stuart Parkin achieved the same effect with industrial-scale sputtering techniques.

'It serves as a timely reminder that important fundamental breakthroughs in physics can have long-lasting significance and that the results of research being undertaken now, in a wide range of areas, will no doubt be primary drivers in how we live and work in another thirty years' time,' said Peter Main, director of education and science at the Institute of Physics.

Monday, October 8, 2007

2007 Nobel Prize In Physiology or Medicine

Excerpts: citation for 2007 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine (From http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5jpfSf4Cx9_Up-zIolY5rS2Ox1UXw)

11 hours ago

Excerpts from the citation awarding the 2007 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine to U.S. citizens Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies and Briton Sir Martin Evans for groundbreaking discoveries that led to a technology known as gene targeting in mice.

The process has helped scientists develop models on mice of the human disorders heart disease, diabetes and cancer.

Gene targeting is often used to inactivate single genes. Such gene "knockout" experiments have elucidated the roles of numerous genes in embryonic development, adult physiology, aging and disease. To date, more than 10,000 mouse genes (approximately half of the genes in the mammalian genome) have been knocked out. Ongoing international efforts will make "knockout mice" for all genes available within the near future.

With gene targeting it is now possible to produce almost any type of DNA modification in the mouse genome, allowing scientists to establish the roles of individual genes in health and disease. Gene targeting has already produced more than 500 different mouse models of human disorders, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer.

Gene targeting has helped us understand the roles of many hundreds of genes in mammalian fetal development. Capecchi's research has uncovered the roles of genes involved in mammalian organ development and in the establishment of the body plan. His work has shed light on the causes of several human inborn malformations.

Evans applied gene targeting to develop mouse models for human diseases. He developed several models for the inherited human disease cystic fibrosis and has used these models to study disease mechanisms and to test the effects of gene therapy.

Smithies also used gene targeting to develop mouse models for inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis and the blood disease thalassemia. He has also developed numerous mouse models for common human diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.

What is the Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• Learn more about using Wikipedia for research •
Jump to: navigation, search
Nobel Prize

Original design of Nobel Prize medal. ®© The Nobel Foundation.
Awarded for Outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine, and economics
Presented by Swedish Academy
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Karolinska Institutet
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Country Flag of Sweden Sweden
First awarded 1901
Official website

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriserna), as designated in Alfred Nobel's will in 1895, are awarded for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. A prize in economics in memory of Nobel was instituted by Sweden's central bank in 1968. The first five prizes were first awarded in 1901, while the first prize in economics was awarded in 1969. All six prizes are widely regarded as the supreme commendations in their subject areas. With the exception of the peace prize, which is handed out in Oslo, Norway, they are all handed out in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

The process of selecting Nobel Laureates is made in a screening process: for the Memorial Prize in Economics, a committee comprising six members; for the Prize in Literature, a committee of five; for the other four Nobel Prizes, a committee comprising five members respectively. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts in their specific disciplines until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by Alfred Nobel, is arguably what gives the prize its importance. Despite this, there have been questionable awards and questionable omissions over the prize's century-long history.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Award ceremonies
* 2 Alfred Nobel's will
* 3 Nomination and selection
o 3.1 Recognition time lag
* 4 Controversies and criticisms
o 4.1 Overlooked achievements
o 4.2 Mathematics prize
* 5 Uniquely distinguished laureates
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 External links

[edit] Award ceremonies

The committees and institutions serving as selection boards for the Prizes typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The Prizes are then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.

The Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905-1946); the Aula of the University of Oslo (1947-1990); and most recently at the Oslo City Hall. As of 2005, the other Prize ceremonies have been held at the Stockholm Concert Hall.

Each award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. Each consists of a gold medal; a diploma; the extension of Swedish citizenship; and a cash grant. The grant is currently approximately 10 million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.4 million). The original purpose of the grant was to fund laureates' further work, although nowadays many are retired at the time of award.

If there are two winners in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally amongst the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient, and one-quarter to each of the others. It is not uncommon for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural or humanitarian causes.

Since 1902, the King of Sweden has, with the exception of the Peace Prize, presented all the prizes in Stockholm. At first King Oscar II did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners, but is said to have changed his mind once his attention had been drawn to the publicity value of the prizes for Sweden.

Until the Norwegian Nobel Committee was established in 1904, the President of Norwegian Parliament made the formal presentation of the Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee's five members are entrusted with researching and adjudicating the Prize as well as awarding it. Although appointed by the Norwegian Parliament (Stortinget), they are independent and answer to no legislative authority. Members of the Norwegian government are not permitted to sit on the Committee.

[edit] Alfred Nobel's will
Alfred Nobel.
Alfred Nobel.

The five initial Prizes were instituted by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist and industrialist, who was the inventor of the high explosive dynamite. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on November 27, 1895. Nobel's work had directly involved the creation of explosives, and he became increasingly uneasy with the military use of his inventions. It is said that this was motivated in part by his reading of a premature obituary of himself, published in error by a French newspaper on the occasion of the death of Nobel's brother Ludvig, and which condemned Nobel as a "merchant of death."[1] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish Kroner, for the establishment of five prizes.

"The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:

The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.

The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not."


– Alfred Nobel[2]

Although Nobel's will established the prizes, his plan was incomplete and, due to various other hurdles, it took five years before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded on December 10, 1901.[3]

[edit] Nomination and selection

Compared with some other prizes, the Prize nomination and selection process is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why the Prizes have grown in importance over the years to become the most important prizes in their field.[4]

Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. For the peace prize, inquiries are sent to such people as governments of states, members of international courts, professors and rectors at university level, former Peace Prize laureates, current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, among others. The Norwegian Nobel Committee then bases its assessment on nominations sent in before 3rd of February.[5] The submission deadline for nominations for Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Economics is January 31.[6] Self-nominations and nominations of deceased people are disqualified.

The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.

After the deadline has passed, the nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the relevant field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution. The Assembly for the Medicine Prize, for example, has fifty members. The institution members then select prize winners by vote.

The selection process varies slightly between the different disciplines. The Literature Prize is rarely awarded to more than one person per year, whereas other Prizes now often involve collaborators of two or three.

While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee. The scenario has occurred twice: The 1931 Literature Prize of Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and the 1961 Peace Prize to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. As of 1974, laureates must be alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate—William Vickrey (1996, Economics)—who died after the prize was announced but before it could be presented.

[edit] Recognition time lag

The interval between the accomplishment of the achievement being recognized and the awarding of the Nobel Prize for it varies from discipline to discipline. Prizes in Literature are typically awarded to recognize a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement. In this case the notion of "lag" does not directly apply. Prizes in Peace, on the other hand, are often awarded within a few years of the events they recognize. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the UN.

Awards in the scientific disciplines of physics and chemistry require that the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, 1/2 of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as all the discoverers are dead by the time their impact is seen.

[edit] Controversies and criticisms

Main article: Nobel Prize controversies

Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901, the proceedings, nominations, awardees and exclusions have generated criticism and engendered much controversy.

[edit] Overlooked achievements

Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times between 1937 and 1948 but never won it. Research indicates that it was likely the Authority would have given him the Prize in 1948, the year in which he was assassinated. The committee apparently considered a posthumous award but ultimately decided against it, instead choosing not to award the Nobel Peace Prize for that year.[7]

The strict rules against a Prize being awarded to more than three people at once is also a cause for controversy. Where a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, inevitably one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, a Prize was awarded to Koichi Tanaka and John Fenn for the development of mass spectrometry in protein chemistry, an award that failed to recognise the achievements of Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Frankfurt.[8]

Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by a collaborator who happens to die before the prize is awarded. Rosalind Franklin, who was key in the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, died of ovarian cancer in 1958, four years before Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins (one of Franklin's collaborators) were awarded the Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1962.[9] Franklin's significant and relevant contribution was only briefly mentioned in Crick and Watson's Nobel Prize-winning paper: "We have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M.H.F. Wilkins, Dr. R.E. Franklin, and co-workers..."[10]

In some cases, awards have arguably omitted similar discoveries made earlier. For example, the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery and development of conductive organic polymers" (1977) ignored the much earlier discovery of highly-conductive charge transfer complex polymers: the 1963 series of papers by Weiss, et al. reported even higher conductivity in similarly iodine-doped oxidized polypyrrole.[11][12]

[edit] Mathematics prize

There are several possible reasons why Nobel did not create a prize for mathematics. Nobel's will speaks of prizes for those inventions or discoveries of greatest practical benefit to mankind, possibly having in mind practical rather than theoretical works. Because mathematics is not considered as practical a science as the others that are recognized, this would explain the lack of a mathematics prize.[13]

Another possible reason is that there was already a well-known Scandinavian prize for mathematicians. The existing mathematical awards at the time were mainly due to the work of Gösta Mittag-Leffler, who founded the Acta Mathematica, a century later still one of the world's leading mathematical journals. Through his influence in Stockholm he persuaded King Oscar II to endow prize competitions and honor distinguished mathematicians all over Europe, including Hermite, Bertrand, Weierstrass, and Poincaré.

Myth has it that Nobel refused to endow a mathematics prize as his wife or his mistress had an affair with the mathematician Mittag-Leffler. However, this story is not supported by any historical evidence: Alfred Nobel never married.[14]

However, some mathematicians have won the Nobel Prize in other fields: Bertrand Russell for literature (1950), Max Born and Walther Bothe for physics (1954). Still others have won the related Nobel Memorial prize in Economics: Kenneth Arrow (1972), Leonid Kantorovich (1975), John Forbes Nash (1994), Clive W. J. Granger (2003), Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling (2005)[15].

Several prizes in Mathematics have similarities to the Nobel Prize. The Fields Medal is often described as the Nobel Prize of mathematics, but it differs in being awarded only once every four years to people under forty years old. A comparison may be made with the Crafoord Prize, awarded by the Swedish Royal Academy since 1982. Other comparable prizes are the Abel Prize, awarded by the Norwegian government as of 2001; the Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences given since 2004; and the Gauss Prize, first introduced by the International Mathematical Union and the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians for practical and applied mathematics research.

[edit] Uniquely distinguished laureates

Since the establishment of the Nobel Prize, four people have received two Nobel Prizes:

* Maria Skłodowska-Curie: in Physics 1903, for the discovery of radioactivity; and in Chemistry 1911, for the isolation of pure radium
* Linus Pauling: in Chemistry 1954, for the hybridized orbital theory; and Peace 1962, for nuclear test-ban treaty activism
* John Bardeen: in Physics 1956, for the invention of the transistor; and Physics 1972, for the theory of superconductivity
* Frederick Sanger: in Chemistry 1958, for structure of the insulin molecule; and in Chemistry 1980, for virus nucleotide sequencing

Otto Heinrich Warburg could have been among them, but he was prevented by the Nazi government from accepting his second Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1944.[16]

As a group, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times: in 1917, 1944, and 1963. The first two prizes were specifically in recognition of the group's work during the world wars. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has won the Peace Prize twice: in 1954 and 1981.

The Curie family claim the most Nobel Prizes, with five:

* Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Physics 1903 and Chemistry 1911
* Her husband Pierre Curie, Physics 1903
* Their daughter Irène Joliot-Curie, Chemistry 1935
* Their son in law Frederic Joliot-Curie, Chemistry 1935

Furthermore, Henry Labouisse, the husband of the Curies' second daughter Ève, was the director of UNICEF when it won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.

William Lawrence Bragg, who was only 25 when he won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics, is the youngest person ever to win a Nobel Prize. Raymond Davis Jr., who was 87 when he won the 2002 Physics Prize, is the oldest.

Nobel Prize Week



Annually Nobel Prize winners will be disclosed at the following week. The pacemakers in science and literature will get their sovereign honour.

Then, what is the Nobel Prize? what kind of work deserve the prize? This week I will lead you close the Nobel Prize.

Sunday, October 7, 2007

Forward step for transformation of hydrophilic to superhydrophobic feacture...

(From http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/31377)
Nanowire coating repels water

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires coated with stearic acid are record breakers when it comes to superhydrophobicity, according to French scientists. Boasting contact angles as high as 176 °, the highly water-repellent structure is ideal for keeping surfaces clean.

The surface modification is stable over a wide pH range and has been tested up to 250 °C. In addition, the film's properties remain unchanged following six months of storage under ambient illumination.
Contact angle measurement
Contact angle measurement

Electron microscopy shows that the film has two length scales – a common feature of hydrophobic surfaces and a property that is thought to trap large amounts of air within the structure. Measuring 3.5 µm in length and 160 nm in diameter, the wire-like ZnO structures terminate in a seemingly flat, but actually nano-roughened tip.

"The double scale roughness we observed on the top of the wires and the hydrophobicity of the adsorbed stearic acid can be compared to the double scale roughness of the lotus leaf and its accompanying low surface energy waxy coating" Chantal Badre of CNRS told nanotechweb.org. "In our case, the superhydrophobic films are prepared in a very easy way and from a very low-cost compound."

Formed by electrodeposition, the as-deposited film is dipped in an ethanol solution of stearic acid for 24 hours to activate the superhydrophobic behaviour. Simple to make and affordable, the water-repellent coating is a strong candidate for commercialization.

The group, which also includes scientists from Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, is considering various applications, such as easy to clean window glass and high-performance, anti-fog spectacles, and is keen to build links with industrial partners.

The researchers presented their work in Nanotechnology.

Saturday, October 6, 2007

China's classic music 高山流水

These English will help you a lot in a call

给刚来的老中绝对实用:用英语打电话N种说法篇
实用英语


绝对实用:用英语打电话N 种说法篇

1、打公用电话:
1. I’m calling from a public phone, so I’ll call her again.
2. I’m not at home now, so I’ll call her around three o’clock again.
3. May I use your phone?
4. Would you mind if I use your phone?
5. How do I get an outside line?

翻译&解析:
1. 我现在是打公用电话,我会再打给她。
2. 我现在不在家里,三点左右我会再打给她。
3. 我可以借您的电话用一下吗?
4. 你不介意我用你的电话吧?
5. 如何打外线?
解析:*1. public phone 是公用电话, pay phone 也是(投币式)公用电话;而公用电话亭则是telephone booth.*2. 在外打公用电话就表示无法让对方回电,所以通常会再告知下次联络时间或方式。*3. 有时找不到公用电话, 必要时需向商家借用电话,或者在别人的公司借电话时可用以上几句。*4. outside line 是“电话外线”,而extension 为电话(内线)分机。

2、打错电话:
1. I’m sorry I have the wrong number.
2. Is this 02-2718-5398?
3. Sorry to have bothered you.
4. I’m sorry. I think I must have dialed the wrong number.
5. Could I check the number? Is it 2211-3344


翻译&解析
1. 抱歉我打错电话了。 (打错电话通常用:have the wrong number 表示)
2. 这里是02-2718-5398吗?
3. 很抱歉打扰你了。
4. 很抱歉。我想我一定是打错电话了。
5. 我可以核对一下电话号码吗?是不是2211-3344?
解析:1. 区域号码是 area code2. 电话号码的念法: 02-2211-3224念成:area code zero-two, two-two-one-one-three-two-two-four.* 0 可念成 oh 或 zero* 22 可念成 two-two 或 double two

3、抱歉这么晚打来的说法:
1. I’m sorry to call you so late. 对不起这么晚打电话来。
2. I hope I didn’t catch you at a bad time. 抱歉这种时候找你。(含有希望没有打扰到你的意思)
3. I hope I didn’t wake you up so early. 我希望这么早没有吵到你。
4. I’m sorry to call you so early. 对不起这么早打电话来。
5. I’m sorry to bother you at this hour. 很抱歉在这时打扰你。

4、有急事时的表达方法:
1. It’s urgent. Could I have her mobilephone number? 我有急事,可不可以告诉我她的手机号码?
2. Could you tell me where I can reach her? 能不能告诉我在哪里可以找到她?
3. This is an emergency. I need to get in contact with him right now. 能不能告诉我在哪里可以找到他。

5、若对方不在的说法:
1. It’s nothing important. 没什么重要事。
2. It’s nothing urgent. Thank you ,good-bye. 没什么要紧事,谢谢您,再见。
3. I’ll call her again. 我会再打给她。
4. I’ll call back later. 我稍后会再打来。
5. Please ask Miss Chen to call me back. 请陈小姐给我回电话。
6. Could you tell her to call Carol as soon as possible? 能不能请她尽快打电话给卡洛?
7. Ask her to call Carol at home after seven, please. 麻烦她在七点后打电话到卡洛家。
8. Can I leave a message? 我可以留言吗?
9. Please have her return my call.请她回电话给我。
10. Could you ask him to to call me back? 可以请他给我回电话吗?
11. Please tell her Carol called. 请告诉她卡洛找她。
12. Let me call back later again. Thank you. 我稍后再打电话来。谢谢你。
13. Please tell him to phone 2233-4455. 请他给2233-4455回电话.

6、电话答录机:
1This is a recording. I’m not at home now. Please leave a message after the beep. Thank you.这是电话答录机。我现在不在家,请在哔的一声之后开始留言。谢谢!
(*: 电话答录机 是 telephone answering machine)
2This is Carol. Pleae give me a call when you are free. My number is 2244-6688.我是卡洛。有空请回电话给我。我的号码是2244-6688.
对电话答录机留话时与一般留言无异,说出以下重点即可:
1. 来电者姓名
2. 来电时间
3. 来电目的
4. 联络电话或方式

7、订购商品及询问:
1. I’d like to place an order for your party dress from your catalog.
2. May I order some flowers?
3. How can I pay for this item?
4. I’d like to buy the car on your TV commercial.
5. Please send me your catalogue.
6. Do you have any life Menu Magazine tenin stock?
7. How long will it arrive?
8. The Product you sent to me is not what I ordered.
9. I’m calling about an order I placed a month ago. It hasn’t arrived yet.


翻译&解析
1.我想要订你们目录上的晚礼服。
2.我可以订些花吗?
3.我要怎么付款?
4.我想要买你们电视广告上的汽车。
5.请寄目录给我。
6.你们第十期的“生活菜单”还有存货吗?
7.需要多久才会送到呢?
8.你们送来的产品不是我订的东西.
9. 我打电话是因为一个月前我订的东西。产品到现在都还没到。
解析:
1. 现在电话或网络订购在国内也很流行,即使是人在国内你也可以订购外国目录上的产品。但在打电话前一定要先记下商品的型号及尺寸,以节省通话时间。
2. commercial有(电视、广播中的)商业广告之意,也可说成commercial film, 简称为c.f. 。而advertisement则指(平面的)广告,简称为ad; advertisement mail 是广告邮件; advertisement column是广告栏,这些都是很常用到的。
3. place 有开出订单之意。ie: to place an order with sb. (和某人订订单)

8、道谢接受别人的礼物或招待后,打电话道谢为最起码的礼貌之一:
1. Thank you for the present. It’s just what I wanted.
2. Thank you so much for the homemade cake.
3. I don’t know how to thank you for such a beautiful flower.
4. I received your gift. Thank you for the lovely bracelet.
翻译:
1. 谢谢你的礼物,这正是我想要的。
2. 非常谢谢你作的蛋糕。
3. 真不知道要如何谢谢你, 这么漂亮的花。
4. 我收到你的礼物了。谢谢你可爱的手镯。
当在回答他人的致谢时,可以说下面的句子,都有 别客气 的意思:1. You’re welcome.别客气。2. Not at all.这没什么。3. It’s my pleasure.这是我的荣幸。4. Don’t mention it.别放在心上。5. That’s all right.这没什么。6.No trouble at all.一点也不麻烦。7.I’m gload you enjoyed it.真高兴你觉得满意。

9、听不清楚:
1. Sorry, I didn’t catch you.对不起,我听不懂你说的。
2. Sorry, I didn’t understand. 抱歉,我听不懂。
3. Sorry, I didn’t get what you said. 对不起,我没听懂你说的话。
4. I can’t hear you very well. 我听不太清楚。
5. I can barely hear you. 我几乎听不到你说的。6. I’m having trouble hearing you. 我听不清楚。
7. We have a bad connection. 通讯效果不太好。8. I can’t catch what you are saying. 我听不太清楚你说的话。
发生上面的情况,你可以请对方在重复一遍,你可以说:
1. Pardon?请再说一遍好吗?
2. Excuse me? 请再说一遍?上列两句都是对不起之意,但用在会话上,如果后面没有接说明,并且语尾上扬,就是要对方再说一次。听到这句话时就要知道对方要自己再说一遍。
3. I beg you pardon? 能请你再说一遍吗?(此句有请求对方原谅及再说一次的意思)
4. Could you repeat that, please? 能请你再说一遍吗?
5. Would you say that again? 你能再说一遍吗?

10、请对方说慢点的说法:
1. Would you speak more slowly? 你能再说慢一点吗?
2. Could you speak up a little? 你能在大声一点吗?(speak up 大声说=speak out)
3. Would you speak more clearly? 你能再说清楚一点吗?
4. Would you explain more for me? 可以为我解释一遍吗?
5. Please speak a little louder. 请讲大声一点。
6. Would you slow down, please?清说慢一点好吗?

11、工作活用篇帮忙转分机:
1. may i have extension two-one-one?
2. can i have extension two-one-one, please?
3. may i speak to david, extension tow-one-one?
4. extension two-one-one, please.
5. please connect me with extension two-one-one.
6. could you put me through to the personnel department, please?
翻译:***通常句子都是越长越礼貌,太简短会让人有鲁莽的感觉。
1. 能帮我转分机211?
2. 能帮我转分机211吗?
3. 我可以找211分机的大卫吗?
4. 请转211。
5. 请帮我转分机211。
6. 请帮我接人事部好吗?

来源: 实用英语

Do you know these dailly used 200 English sentences?

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重奈侍猓?穹缸锖吐粢??font color=E6E6DD>

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否认:教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
在过去的几十年,先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
事实上,我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
从这几年我搜集的信息来看,这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.
现在,人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.
这是一个关系到生死的问题,任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:
我同意后者,有如下理由:

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.
在给出我的观点之前,我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I've collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展,用自行车的人数会减少,自行车可能会消亡, 然而,这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
环境学家指出:持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题,而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.
考虑到这些严重的状况,我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people's physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康,并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.
尽管自行车有许多明显的优点,但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle can't be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
在速度和舒适度方面,自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:自行车的优点远大于缺点,并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论,其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.
这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.
必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.
许多人存在这样的误解,认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然,他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:
就我而言,我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点,有以下原因:

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.
人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
即使最优秀的毕业生,要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化,近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.
一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.
对大多数人来讲,退休以后,阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。
50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说,找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的,正如那句老话:活到老,学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students' doing a part-time job.
对于大学或高中生打工这一现象,校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
通过做一份和专业相关的工作,学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力,而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.
近几十年,尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变,但必须承认,由于学费和书费日益飞涨,资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.
因此,业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
通过上面的讨论,我们不难得出结论:业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响,我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作,这将有利于学生和他们的家庭,甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
现在,越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果,无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.
人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适,减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.
同时,随着这些机器带给我们的好处,员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
没有人能否认这一基本事实:对于一般工人来讲,轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.
第二方面,失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识,使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.
根据最近的一项调查,越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.
通过以上讨论,我完全相信,随着现代社会的进步,幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.
近些年,国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.
许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用,应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.
但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:
就我而言,我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制,理由如下:

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.
另外,为了吸引旅游者,大量人工设施被修建,这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.
由于缺乏独特的文化,一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此,国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.
近些年,父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.
这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点,通过学习,他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识,当他们长大后,这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.
首先,额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出,孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后,从事一些体育活动,而不是额外的学习,是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.
孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期,缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.
第二,从心理上讲,大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.
当别的孩子在玩耍的时候,很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
而且,由于要额外地学习,孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流,很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.
通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:尽管额外学习的确有很多优点,但它的缺点不可忽视,且远大于它的优点。因此,放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.
现在,父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.
父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.
然而,这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑,他们指出,孩子总是呆在家里,和父母在一起,是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.
尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力,但是必须承认,与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比,他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.
通过以上讨论,我们可以得出如下结论:尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的,但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.
应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园,这将对孩子,家庭,甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.
只要一提起艺术和文化项目,一些政府领导就会兴奋不已,他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园,城市中心漂亮的雕塑,还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中,没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.
这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上,基础设施建设非常重要,应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.
那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客,这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。
89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.
然而,很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.
通过以上讨论,我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面,基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.
那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点,将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.
农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势,这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入,而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
必须指出,农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加,并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.
尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献,然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.
许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场,他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants' lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.
建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验,知识和信息,这些将有助于发展农村经济。
98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.
总之,我们应理智考虑这一问题,重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.
尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分,然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.
我认为,首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。


101. In addition to the obvious problem--loneliness, another major obstacle, in my opinion, is the alien environment of campus.
除了孤独这一明显的问题之外,我认为另一个困难是对校园环境的不熟悉。

102. Freshmen often get lost on campus; fail to find the way to dormitory or library.
新生常常在校园迷路,不知道去宿舍或图书馆该怎么走。

103. Most important of all, apart from their hometown and parents, students couldn't catch sight of any familiar face and have to suffer from homelessness, which can cause certain serious mental disease.
更重要的是,离开了家乡和父母,看不到任何熟悉的面孔,他们不得不忍受思家之苦,这可能会导致严重的精神疾病。

104. In the first place, school authorities should provide far more services to help freshmen to get used to the new life as soon as possible.
首先,学校应提供更多的服务,帮助新生尽快适应新的生活。

105. The senior and junior students could share their own experience about how to overcome the difficulty they have ever met, how to adjust to the new environment with the new students.
高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他们的经历:如何克服遇到的困难,如何适应新的环境。

106. At the same time, young people should be encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop their interpersonal skills, which may help them greatly to reduce dependence on their parents and are essential in the maintenance of healthy mental condition.
同时,应该鼓励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往,发展他们的交际能力,这将帮助他们极大地减少对父母的倚赖并且保持健康的精神状态。

107. In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem and make our maximum contribution to help them spend their first day on campus smoothly.
总之,我们应重视这个问题,尽最大努力帮助他们平稳度过他们最初的校园生活。

108. There is a general discussion over fashion in recent years. One of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, which he or she likes, regardless of fashion.
近些年,关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服,而不管是否时尚。
109. This issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.
这一问题已被越来越多的人所关注,尤其是父母和教育专家。

110. Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes. And they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.
许多年轻人一提到时尚服装就兴高采烈。他们似乎被时尚服装那多彩的面料,各种不同的款式所吸引。

111. Many people seem to overlook the basic fact: the major function of clothing is to keep us warm and comfortable.
许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实:衣服的基本功能是保持我们舒适和温暖。

112. Furthermore, people who addict to fashion clothes have to spend more time going shopping and pay more attention to the impression they make on others. As a result, it is impossible to devote enough time and energy in their study and job.
而且,沉湎于时尚服装的人们不得不花费更多时间逛商店,更加注意自己给别人的印象。因此,他们不可能有足够的时间用于学习或工作。

112a. No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world. Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.
没有人能否认这一重要事实:最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。

114. There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.
关于这个问题,有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车过多而公交车不够。

115. Meanwhile, the numbers of people, who have access to their own cars, have risen sharply in the recent years.
同时,拥有私人轿车的人数这几年却在快速增加。

116. Moreover, many people, including drivers and cyclists, do not obey the traffic rules properly, especially at busy intersections. And this undoubtedly worsens the already grave situation.
而且,许多人,包括司机和骑自行车的人,不能很好地遵守交通规则,特别是在繁忙的十字路口,这无疑使本已严重的状况雪上加霜。

117. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of public buses should be increased.
在城市私人轿车的数量应得到控制而公交车的数量应该增加。

118. When asked what kind of school they are willing to send their children to attend, many parents say they would choose a boarding school rather than day schools for their children.
当问到愿意将孩子送到哪种学校的时候,许多父母认为他们会选择寄宿学校而不是日制学校。

119. Many survey show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.
许多调查显示越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和设施。

120. At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional ideas that day schools play an extremely important role in children's study.
同时,仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用。


121. On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.
一方面,寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用,尤其是最近几年,这是无可争辩的。

122. Students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.
离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。

123. What's more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.
而且,生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间,这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. On the other hand, the contribution of day schools can't be ignored.
另一方面,日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. Due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.
因为较高的学费,大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. Since it is unnecessary to consider student's routine life, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.
由于无需考虑学生的日常生活,日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
而且,学生生活在自己家中,有舒适的生活,并有更多机会和父母交流,这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.
通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论,寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. There is much discussion over science and technology. One of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.
关于科学技术存在许多争论,其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时,传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. As for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.
我认为,传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事,这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. In the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.
首先,传统技术方法有些部分是有害的,并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。
132. Although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.
尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的,然而在许多偏僻的地方,仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. In the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.
第二点,许多传统技术方法已经过时,应被现代科技所取代。

134. Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.
尽管许多人保持着传统观念,认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用,但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.
通过以上讨论,我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡,坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. At the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.
当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时,我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
无可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问,我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵,我们不能浪费它。

145. Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家很富有,但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你越努力,你越进步。

147. The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读得越多,我们越有学问。

148. To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this really the case?
对于一般人来说,他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作,然而这是真的吗?

149. By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
通过体育锻炼,我们能够始终保持健康。

150. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
听音乐能使我们放松。


151. On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. There is no one but longs to go to college.
人们都希望上大学。

155. Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃作运动。

156. It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. Summer is sultry. That's the reason why I don't like it.
夏天很闷热,这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. Taking exercise is closely related to health.
作运动与健康息息相关。

161. We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. Reading does good to our mind.
读书对心灵有益。

165. Overwork does harm to health.
工作过度对健康有害。

166. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. Weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.
家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题,不仅是城里人,而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.
众所周知,假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.
现在,愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ,我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngsters' behavior.
从上面我所提到的,我们可以清楚地看到,电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.
人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先,我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次,国民经济正在迅速发展,而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.
我对解决这个问题的建议如下:首先,迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次,有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后,对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. Others, however, lose heart and give in.
人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败,有人能够经得起考验,从失败中汲取教训,并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而,另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. It is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.
人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. As a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." Now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.
常言道:事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面,科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. Let's take cars for example. They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. Furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.
就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气,而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外,汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. It is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.
普遍认为,在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升,还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. There is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.
毫无疑问,需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

181. With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000years.
随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行,数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。

182. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First, it enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world and promotes friendship and understanding. Second, it is financially beneficial to China, which needs more foreign currencies for its modernization program.
旅游业给中国带来许多好处。首先,它使中国人了解外界,并有助于促进友谊和理解。其次,在经济上也有利于我国,因为中国现代化建设需要大量的外汇。

183 Tourism, however, gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to inefficient transportation system.
旅游业也引起许多问题。例如,它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。

184. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the many different sorts of expensed during long distance travels.
此外,中国人民的生活水平还没有高到足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。

185. As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step.
至于我,我相信,随着我国经济的发展,这些问题必将逐步解决。

186. A much better and brighter future awaits us.
我们期望有一个更加光明的未来。

187. When an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realizes it on its own.
每当机遇降临,伴之而来的是成功的希望,但是机遇不能自行实现成功。

188. If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. Otherwise, you will take no advantage of opportunities when they come to visit you.
假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志,你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。否则,机遇来临你却无法利用。

189. The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. The successful person always makes adequate preparations to meet opportunities as they duly arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see pass by.
成功者与失败者的区别在于处理机遇的态度。成功者做好充分准备迎接机遇的适时来临。而失败者工作懒散,眼看机遇悄然而过。

190. In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use of them to achieve purpose.
我的观点是:在我们的社会里,人人都有许多机遇,但是只有那些做好充分准备并且高度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。

191. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
人类学家已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。
192. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多,对其水。交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

193. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前,很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。

194. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
父母的教导如果坚定,理性,始终如一,孩子就有可能充满自信。

195. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
电视,这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑我们的生活和世界。

196. Television is more than just an electronic appliance; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
电视不仅仅是一件电器;它是表达的手段和交流的载体,并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。

197. I am always amazed when I heard people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
每当我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情,说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话,我都倍感诧异。

198. One of the great early writers wrote that: Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. If this is true, then the present situation should make us wonder whether the measure that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50 is reasonable.
一位伟大的作家曾写到:工作是医治人间一切病痛和疾苦的万应良药。 如果是这样的话,那么现在的状况应使我们想一想,强迫普通工人在50岁退休是否合理。

199. "The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them." Such is the remark made by Bernard Shaw, a great writer. This view has been shared now by more and more people.
著名作家萧伯纳曾说过:在这个世界上取得成功的人,都努力去寻求他们想要的机会,如果找不到时,他们就自己创造机会。这一观点现在正在被越来越多的人所接受。

200. Adler is correct in this assertion that education does not end with graduation.
阿得勒这句话很正确,教育不能随着毕业而结束。

来源: 实用英语

English Name of Materials for Food

各式食材中英文對照 (来源: 用起来方便就好)

麵粉/中筋麵粉 Plain flour /all-purpose flour
低筋麵粉/低根粉 cake flour / soft flour / weak flour / low protein flour
高筋麵粉/筋麵/根麵/高根粉 gluten flour / strong flour / bread flour / baker's flour / high protein flour
全麥麵粉 whole wheat flour
澄麵粉/澄粉/澄麵 non-glutinous flour / wheat flour / wheat starch
自發麵粉 self- raising flour
粗玉米豆粉 polenta / yellow cornmeal
粟粉/粟米粉/玉米粉/玉米澱粉 corn flour / cornstarch
生粉/太白粉/地瓜粉 potato starch / potato flour
樹薯粉/木薯粉/茨粉/菱粉/泰國生粉/太白粉/地瓜粉 Tapioca starch / tapioca flour
蕃薯粉/地瓜粉 sweet potato flour
馬蹄粉 water chestnut flour
葛粉 arrowroot flour
臭粉/胺粉/阿摩尼亞粉/嗅粉 powdered baking ammonia / carbonate of ammonia / ammonia bicarbonate / ammonia carbonate / hartshorn
發粉/泡打粉/泡大粉/速發粉/蛋糕發粉 baking powder
蘇打粉/小蘇打/梳打粉/小梳打/食粉/重曹 baking soda / bicarb ofsoda
塔塔粉/他他粉 cream of tartar
卡士達粉/蛋黃粉/吉士粉/吉時粉/ custard powder
卡士達/克林姆/奶皇餡/蛋奶餡 custard / pastry cream
蛋白粉 egg white powder?
粘米粉/黏米粉/在來米粉/在萊米粉/再來米粉 rice flour
糕仔粉 cooked rice flour
糯米粉 glutinous rice flour / sweet rice flour
鳳片粉/熟糯米粉/糕粉/加工糕粉 fried sweet rice flour / fried glutinous rice flour
綠豆粉 mung bean flour / tepung hun kwee
小麥胚芽/麥芽粉 wheat germ
小麥蛋白/麵筋粉 wheat gluten
鹼水/(木見)水 alkaline water/lye water/potassium carbonate
白?alum
硼砂 borax
石膏 gypsum
酵母/酒餅 yeast/ibu roti
麵包/麵飽 bread
土司麵包/吐司 toast
麵包糠/麵包屑 breadcrumbs
香草豆/香草莢/香草片/香子蘭莢 vanilla bean/vanilla pod
香草精/雲尼拉香精/凡尼拉香精 vanilla extract/vanilla essence
香草粉 vanilla powder
班蘭粉/香蘭粉 ground pandan/ground screwpine leaves/serbok daun pandan
班蘭精/香蘭精 pandan paste/pasta pandan
玫瑰露/玫瑰露精 rosewater/rosewater essence essence
杏仁粉 almond flour/almond mieal
皮屑 grated zest/grated rind
海苔粉 ground seaweed
黑蔗糖漿/糖蜜/甘蔗糖蜜 molasses
金黃糖漿 golden syrup
楓糖漿/楓樹糖漿/楓糖 maple syrup
玉米糖漿 corn syrup/karo syrup
葡萄糖漿 glucose syrup
麥芽糖漿 barley maltsyrup/maltsyrup
麥芽糖 maltose/malt sugar
焦糖 carmael
果糖 Efructos
乳糖 lactose
轉化糖 invert sugar
日式糙米糖漿 amazake
綿花糖霜 marshmallow cream cream
冰糖 ROCK sugar
椰糖/爪哇紅糖 palm sugar/gula malacca
黃砂糖 brown sugar
紅糖?/黑糖? dark brown sugar
紅糖?/黑糖? muscovado sugar
金砂糖? demerara sugar
原蔗糖 raw sugar/raw cane sugar/unrefined cane sugar
白砂糖/粗砂糖 white sugar/refined sugar/refined cane sugar/coarse granulated sugar
細砂糖/幼砂糖 castor sugar
糖粉 icing sugar/confectioners' sugar
糖霜/點綴霜 icing/frosting
蜜葉糖/甜葉菊 stevia/honey leaf
代糖/阿斯巴甜 aspartame/sweetener/sugar substitute
牛油忌廉 butter cream
什色糖珠 HUNDREDS & THOUSANDS
巧克力米/朱古力米 chocolate vermicelli
巧克力削/朱古力削 chocolate curls
巧克力珠/朱古力珠 choc bits/chocolate chips
椰絲/椰茸/椰子粉 desiccated coconut/shredded coconut
涼粉/仙草 grass jelly
果子凍/果凍粉/(口者)喱 jelly
魚膠粉/吉利丁/明膠 gelatine sheets/powdered gelatine 
大菜/大菜絲/菜燕/燕菜精/洋菜/洋菜粉/瓊脂 agar agar powder
食用色素 food colouring
牛油/奶油 butter
瑪珈琳/瑪琪琳/乳瑪琳/雅瑪琳/人造奶油/菜油 margarine
起酥油/起酥瑪琪琳 pastry margarine / oleo margarine
豬油/白油/大油/板油? lard / cooking fat
酥油/雪白奶油 shortening
硬化椰子油 copha
烤油? dripping
淡忌廉 light cream/coffee cream/table cream
鮮奶油/忌廉/鮮忌廉 cream/whipping cream
包括﹕
1 light whipping cream
2 heavy whipping cream/heavy cream/thickened cream
3 double cream/pure cream
酸奶油/酸忌廉/酸奶酪?/酸乳酪? sour cream
酸奶 buttermilk
牛奶/鮮奶/鮮乳 milk
奶粉 powdered milk / milk powder
花奶/淡奶/奶水/蒸發奶/蒸發奶水 evaporated milk
煉奶 condensedmilk/sweetened condensed milk
起士/起司/芝士/乳酪/奶酪/乾酪/乳餅 cheese
起司粉 powdered cheese
奶油起司/芝士忌廉/奶油乳酪/凝脂乳酪 cream cheese
瑪斯卡波尼起司/馬司卡膨起司/馬斯卡波涅起司/義大利乳酪 mascarpone cheese
優格/乳果/酸奶酪?/酸乳酪? yoghurt
優酪乳 yoghurt drink/drinking yoghurt
黃豆 soy bean
紅豆 red bean/adzuki bean
紅豆沙/烏豆沙 red bean paste
綠豆 mung bean
綠豆片 split mung bean
薏米 pearl barley
沙莪粒/西米/小茨丸 pearl sago/pearl tapioca
蓮藕 lotus root
蓮蓉 lotus paste
紅棗 chinese red dates
蜜棗 preserved red dates
棗泥 red date paste
龍眼乾/龍眼肉/桂圓/圓肉dried longan
葡萄乾 raisin
柿餅 dried persimmon
桃脯 dried peach
杏脯 dried apricot
蘋果脯/蘋果乾 dried apple
陳皮 dried orange peel/dried tangerine peel
百合 dried lily bulb
蜜漬櫻桃/露桃/車梨子 glace cherry/candied cherry
蜜漬鳳梨 glace pineapple/candied pineapple
腰子豆/腰果/腰果仁/介壽果 cashew nut
花生 peanut
瓜子/南瓜子 pepitas / dried pumpkin seeds
崧子/松子仁 pine nut
栗子 chestnut
栗蓉 chestnut puree / chestnut paste
核桃/核桃仁/合桃/胡桃 walnut
杏仁/杏仁片/扁桃 almond
北杏/苦杏仁 apricot kernel / chinese almond / bitter almond
南杏 apricot kernel
榛果/榛仁 hazelnut / filbert / cobnut
開心果/阿月渾子 pistachio
堅果/澳洲堅果/夏威夷果/澳洲胡桃/澳洲栗/澳洲核桃/昆士蘭龍眼/昆士蘭栗macadamia / california nut
山胡桃/胡桃 pecan
石鼓仔/馬加拉/油桐子 candlenut / buah keras
白果/銀杏 ginkgo nut
檳榔 betel
芝麻 sesame seed
蓮子 lotus seed
罌粟子 poppy seed
亞答子 atap seed
法式吐司 french toast
裸麥麵包 rye bread
派/批 pie
塔/撻 tart
凍派/凍批 cream pie
蛋塔 egg tart / custard tart
法式蛋塔 quiche lorraine
戚風蛋糕 chiffon cake
海綿蛋糕 sponge cake
泡芙 choux pastry / puff
瑪琳/焗蛋泡 meringue
蛋蜜乳 eggnog
可麗餅 Ecrepe
煎餅/熱餅/薄烤餅 pancake
厚鬆餅 pikelet / hotcake
墨西哥麵餅 tortillas
曲奇 cookies
慕斯/慕思 mousse
布甸/布丁 pudding
司康/比司吉 scones
舒芙蕾 souffles
洋芋塊 hash brown
英式鬆餅/瑪芬麵包 english muffin
鬆糕/瑪芬 american muffin 
格子鬆餅 waffle
蕃茄醬: ketchup
水蜜桃罐頭: peaches in syrup
切片水蜜桃罐頭: sliced peaches in syrup
綜合水果罐頭: cocktail fruit in syrup 
蘇打餅干: saltine crackers
白醋: rice vinegar (工研醋)
烏醋: black vinggar
辣椒醬: chili sauce
牛頭牌沙荼醬: bull head barbecue sauce/Chinese barbecue sauce
抹荼粉: green tea powder
餛鈍皮: wonton wrapper/wonton skins
水餃皮: dumpling wrapper / dumpling skins /gyoza wrapper.
春捲皮: spring roll wrapper , egg roll wrapper......
黑木耳: dried black fungus
燒海苔: roasted seaweed sushi nori
蝦米: dried shrimp
鹹蛋黃: salted egg yolk
杏桃果膠 apricot glaze
薑粉 ginger powder
耐烤巧克力豆 choc bits(澳洲的英文名) / chocolate chips(美國、加拿大的英文名?)
洋梨 pear
杏桃 apricot
無花果乾 dried fig
手指餅乾 sponge fingers / ladyfingers / savoiardi(義大利名)
蕃茄醬 tomato sauce(普通甜的)
蕃茄醬 tomato paste(義大利料理用的)
白醋 white vinegar(西洋料理用的)
豆辦醬 chilli bean sauce
XO醬 XO sauce
桂圓 dried longan
黑木耳 black fungus / wood ear fungus
燒海苔 toasted nori seaweed
板海苔 nori seaweed / dried sea laver
南乳 fermented red beancurd
雜糧預拌粉 multi-grain flour
威化餅乾 wafer biscuit
幼糖 caster sugar
軟化牛油 soft butter
麵粉 plain flour
玉米粉 ( 太白粉) cornflour
自發麵粉 self-raising flour
乾椰絲 dessicated coconut
葡萄乾dried currant
糖份混合物 icing sugar mixture